Antagonist Analysis of The Great Gatsby Essay

Tom Buchanan, the antagonist in the book, The Great Gastby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald is the darker side of the main character, Jay Gatsby. Where as Gatsby is an agreeable, attentive gentleman, Tom is the abrasive, physically powerful, and careless man who is concerned about one thing†¦himself. Tom is introduced as an arrogant and abusive husband to his wife Daisy Buchanan, who states, â€Å"That’s what I get for marrying a brute of a man, a great, big, hulking physical specimen of a —-,â€Å" as she tries to deal with his selfish and emotionally abusive ways (F. Scott Fitzgerald 12). The Great Gatsby explores the dynamics of relationships between the love (or lack thereof) between man and woman. Fitzgerald portrays antagonist Tom as self-centered human being, not only through the emotional abuse and negligence of his wife, but likewise through the sexual encounters and philanders of various women. One of Tom’s lovers, Myrtle Wilson, is so engrossed and enchanted by Buchanan that she is willing to risk her own marriage and is no longer attentive as some of her actions include â€Å"walking through her husband as if he were a ghost, shook hands with Tom, looking at him flush in the eye† (Fitzgerald 26). Unlike Tom, whose life revolves around no one other than himself, Gatsby’s life centers on finding the long lost love of his life, Daisy, and engulfing her with the true endearment of love between a man and woman. His one desire to fulfill his life with true love is interrupted twice by Tom Buchanan. Having loved Daisy as a young teenage boy and loosing her to life’s circumstances, Gatsby is determined to continue his search in hopes of locating this special woman who can never be replaced by no other beautiful face or body. Gatsby’s adoration and respect for Daisy drives him to cast all his possessions and even his life into securing her love and saving her name, as he did after the accident shifting blame from her to him, â€Å"but of course I’ll say I was† [driving the car that hit and killed Myrtle] (143). Tom and Gatsby are black and white images of one another. Tom, the darker character, is a cold heartless man who moves people around like pegs on a game board. He continually rolls the dice to calculate his next moves giving no thought to the human lives he has at stake. After the death of Myrtle, Tom shows his lack of interest for the welfare of the woman he has been having an affair with and uses an opportunity to shift conflict between George, Myrtle’s husband, and Gatsby, â€Å"Wilson’ll have a little business at last† (137). Unlike Tom, Gatsby’s bright image of love, concern, and devotion carries throughout the story. Gatsby holds onto love until the dire end, electing to protect Daisy from the wreck and the reckless relationship with her husband Tom, â€Å"I’m just going to wait here and see if he tries to bother her about that unpleasantness this afternoon (144). Tom is the perfect character to represent the antagonist in, The Great Gatsby. His selfish acts toward each character in the story shows his lack of respect for human relationships and his indulgence for self.

Does Modern Technology Make Life More Convenient, or Was Life Better When Technology Was Simpler?

Does modern technology make life more convenient, or was life better when technology was simpler? As a matter of fact, nowadays, technology plays an important role in people's life, to extent they cannot imagine their lives without role of technology, simply, because they live in the speed time. I mention bellow how technology makes life more convenient. First and foremost, today's generation is not like old generation. For instance, in the past people did face many difficulties when they perform their duties, especially when they clean their clothes, whereas, today everybody cleans her or his clothes by washing-machine which makes their life more comfortable. moreover, it protects their hands from chemical elements which is in the soap of washing clothes, so, washing-machine is so important and required. Secondly, students are the most people who need technology in their life, especially the Internet, today’s students are more open for the world rather than before, for instance, in the past students just used the books to do their search because their subjects were easy, simple and short, whereas, nowadays students are more development, advance and independence. Therefore, they need something which helps them to perform their search such as Computer with Internet because their searches are wide and include many information which cannot find them easily from books, thus, they use internet to find these information. In this way, they overcome the difficulties which students were face them before. In conclusion, I believe that technology makes our modern life more convenient, although, there are advantages and disadvantages of the effect of the technology on ourselves but the advantages are more than disadvantages, especially, when we back to home in the summer, we need something cold to during from the refrigerator or cold weather from the AC. there is not argument the life before was simple and quite but there was difficulties in performing the duties.

Reconstitution and Dissolution of a partnership Essay

ABSTRACT: The paper aims to study using secondary research resources. That what are concepts of Partnership reconstitution and dissolution according to the partnership act 1932. Under what circumstances a partnership firm is entitled to these two concepts respectively, what are the rights, duties and liabilities of each of the partners involved under each case. And according to what modes can the accounts be settled among the partners upon the winding up of the business. INTRODUCTION â€Å"Partnership is the relation between persons who have agreed to share the profits of a business carried on by all or any one of them acting for all (THE PARTNERSHIP ACT 1932) Partnership’ does not mean a body or association; it means a relationship between separate component persons. This is the kind of relationship that has to be followed for the betterment of business that they are jointly carrying out to full fill common interest of gaining profits from the business. There are three elements necessary for existence of a partnership: 1. the carrying on of a business.2. The business must be carried on in common. 3. The business must be carried on with a view to gain profits. (NICHOLSON, 2011). ESSENTIALS OF PARTNERSHIP All individuals share the risks and rewards of the business. Each partner is entitled to share the net profits of the business. Partners are jointly and severally responsible for all the debts and obligations of the business without any limit, including loss and damages Partners have equal rights to make decisions. All individuals share the ownership of the assets of the business. (TAYLOR, 2011) These all have to follow for a legal partnership to be present. In any one of them is missing than there will no partnership. HISTORY OF PARTNERSHIP Partnership law is as old as commerce itself. Thought started since 15th century when merchants from the Italian cities were brought to northern Europe the foundations of law. In 16th century ‘Italian Law Merchant was made for a business to be carried out. Firstly there were two principal forms of partnership. The first was the Commenda, whereby an investor, the Commendator, evaded the usury laws by putting money into a business in return for a share in the profit gained by the business carried out, but was liable for no more than his investment that he initially invested. It is also known as limited partnership. The other was the Societas, or ordinary partnership, in which all members were equally bound and responsible for the debts and could bind the firm. So now the principles were known. Later on statutes of 1865, 1890 and 1907 came for a clear view of partnership relationship. The Law of Partnership Act 1865, ‘Bovill’s Act’ was passed to undo the assumption that the existence of some payments from the profits of a business would comprise the recipient a partner or liable as such for the debts of the business. Later it was known as Limited Partnership Act. The Partnership Act 1890 codified the previous law. It provided no remedy and mechanism for limited partnership and depicts no difference between professional or ‘civil’ partnerships and business or ‘commercial’ partnerships. The Limited Partnerships Act 1907 introduced into English law the possibility that a person might be a partner in a firm but liable only to the extent of the capital he had invested initially.  (BLOOMSBURYPROFESSIONAL.COM) Today the most widely followed partnership act is â€Å"The Partnership Act 1932† , which consist of 8 chapters that lay principle and foundations of the procedure to be followed for a partnership and it have 1 schedule which is important as it keep on being updated. This act has to be followed in order to be called a legal partnership. DISSOLUTION AND RECONSTITUTION OF A PARTNERSHIP Dissolution of partnership means that there is discontinuance of the legal relationship between the partners of the firm. It is legal break up of partnership contract that was signed. There is a clear distinction between Dissolution and reconstitution of a partnership. Reconstitution of a partnership of a firm will take place in the events of retirement of a partner, death of a partner or insolvency of a partner. Thus firm has to be reconstituted with the remaining partners of the firm. Now they will deal with the business with a new partnership contract between them. Even in this case firm may continue to work provided the deed signed has such effect. Also when a new partner is admitted, a new partnership emerges so a firm is reconstituted. There will be a new contract between the new partners and the old relationship is no more valid. Each will have a different share of profits as per the new contract signed. Reconstitution involves only a change in the relationship of the partners of a business but in the case of dissolution of the firm there is a complete discontinuation in the relationship of the partners of a firm. Dissolution of a partnership can be dome under circumstances not just voluntarily. It can be dissolved under a mutual agreement when all partners agree to it and it is in accordance to the contract. It can be dissolved by giving a legal notice and under law. When there is a breach of terms and conditions by one partner than partnership can be dissolved. Also when the court gives out a notice it has to be dissolves. (MATHUR, 2010) Dissolution of partnership cannot just be said nor done as it have its own consequences. When it is discontinues than the partners are liable to wind up the business and the liability remains till they clear all dues of partnership. If any profit gained after dissolution than that has to be shared among the partners, one cannot get all. Premium has to be returned to each partner for his services dissolution also comes with different restrictions that are to be imposed. (GULSHAN, 2001) RECONSTITUTION OF A FIRM Firm can be reconstituted when number or status of partners has been changed. So we can say that firm changes its form when (i) we have to introduce new partner, (ii) one partner reaches the age of retirement, (iii) legitimate expulsion of a partner, (iv) one partner is unable to pay its debts, (v) death of a partner. These five factors are the main reason because of which reconstitution of a firm happens. Well constitution or reconstitution of a firm makes no difference, both words implies same meaning. The important element of a partnership act is agreement between all the partners of the firm. So whenever the changes are going to take place consent of all partners is mandatory. The following paragraphs will be explaining each clause in detail and its application with respect to Pakistani society. (Saeed, 2012_)_ INTRODUCING NEW PARTNER Under Section 31 of the partnership act of 1932 says that we need the willingness of all partners before new partner has to be introduced in the firm. We cannot introduce the new partner unless it has been stated in contract. For instance if a current partner sold his share in the partnership, the person who buys the share is not liable to become partner except if other partners shows their positive consideration. One more thing minor can never be a partner if it has been clearly stated in contract. New partner is not accountable for paying the debts of the firm prior to his entrance. (Saeed, 2012_)_ RETIREMENT OF A PARTNER Another reason for the reconstitution of a firm is when partner wants to get retirement. Partner can be retired when he/she gets the consent of all other partners. It is clearly stated Partnership gives the notice to the partners if they have to get retirement. The methodology through which partners can get retirement is precisely mentioned in an agreement. Another point which cannot be missed is that the partner who is going to be retired has to give notice to the public about his decision in order to obtain freedom from liability of the debts of the firm. _(_ Saeed, 2012_)_ EXPULSION OF A PARTNER In law expulsion has exclusive meaning which says that it is the coercive retirement of an individual from a partnership by the other members because some inappropriate event has occurred. Due to this it is undesirable for an individual to be the part of the firm. Partnership – section 25 of the partnership act provides: _no majority of the partner can expel any partner unless the power to do so has been conferred by the express agreement between the partners._ CAUSES OF EXPULSION OF A PARTNER Expulsions takes place due to some reasons which include misconduct, dishonesty, unethical act, insolvency. Misconduct usually involves individual committing material or persistent breaches of the partnership member’s agreement or willfully neglecting to abide by any of his/her responsibilities. When individual commits crime he is dishonest. A partner cannot be in partnership anymore as soon as he is adjudged an insolvent. _(SILKIN, 2012)_ DEATH OF A PARTNER Firm is reconstituted when there is a death of a partner. Due to the death of partner, partnership can be dissolved until and unless it has explicitly stated that partnership will continue after this event. If partnership has to be dissolved after the death of the partner then remaining partners has to wrap up their work. When partnership is dissolved it does not necessarily means that it has been terminated. Sometimes businesses needs time to finish up their work. This continues until the liquidation is completed . (Lawyers.com) INSOLVENCY OF A PARTNER Insolvent means that when one person is failed to pay its debts. Reconstitution of a firm happens when partner becomes insolvent. A partner can become insolvent on two bases. First of all partnership business is going and when partnership is going too dissolved. Partners have to declare it officially or get it signed by many people when they want insolvency of a partnership. (BATASNATIN.COM) Under section 51 of partnership act, when partner is declared guilty of insolvency on the basis of petition of the partners or any one partner initiated, petition of more than three creditors in the partnership qualified as provided in section twenty of the act. _(PARTNERSHIP ACT, 1932)_ CONCLUSION To conclude we see, that we have covered detailed understanding of all our objectives. How a firm reconstitutes and how it is dissolved, how the various partners are subjected to fulfill each of their duties and are entitled to claim their rights. How the accounts are settled and affairs of the partnership are wound up. Structure of partnership business changes from time to time. These laws provide the ability to make any reconstitution among the business when any partner leaves or enters. Conflict is human nature, and in cases where conflicts interfere among the relations of businesses these laws are there to protect and safeguard our rights. Dissolution provides various advantages and safeguards the rights of each  partner. It provides liability provisions that which helps the partners to avoid costly litigations, and because it’s a contract, it binds all the partners to conform to each other’s rights, and make sure no one is done wrong. Provides guidelines for distribution of assets so that everyone gets their equitable share and no rights are misguided. This leads to a peaceful termination of the business. Also it lays down general rules and guidelines about what roles the Partners are going to play at the end of the business, one might notify the customer while the other Might handle liquidation or other aspects of the business, so on and so forth. In case of a dissolution agreement among the partners, they can create their own terms and they do not have to rely upon the default state laws, this is a very big advantage of such a process which allows both partners to benefit from the particular situatio n REFERENCES Mathur. B, (2010), â€Å"_Business Law_†. pg 588-590 Gulshan, S. (2001). â€Å"_Business law_†. (4th ed., pp. 154-160). New Delhi. Taylor, M. (2011_). â€Å"Essentials elements of a partnership agreement†_ Link: http://partnership.ezinemark.com/essentials-elements-of-a-partnership-agreement-32336052262.htm Nicholson. (2011). [Web log message]. Link: Retrieved from http://www.scribd.com/doc/52490419/Lecture-8-Law-of-Partnership Bloomsburyprofessional.com. (2007). â€Å"_Partnership law_†. Link: http://www.bloomsburyprofessional.com/ Saeed, K.A. (2012). â€Å"_Mercantile and Industrial Laws of Pakistan_†. Second Edition. Karachi: Oxford University Press. Silkin, L. (2012). â€Å"_Partnership and LLP’s: Expulsion_† Link:http://www.lewissilkin.com/en/Knowledge/2012/February/~/media/Knowledge%20PDFs/Partnerships%20and%20LLPs/Expulsion%20February%202012.ashx Lawyers.com_. â€Å"Termination of partnership†_ Link: http://business-law.lawyers.com/small-business-law/Termination-of-Partnerships.html Batasnatin.com. _†Insolvency of Partnerships & corporations when partnership may be declared insolvent†_ Link:http://www.batasnatin.com/law-library/civil-law/obligations-and-contracts/836-insolvency-of-partnerships-a-corporations.html

How to prevent identity theft Speech or Presentation

How to prevent identity theft - Speech or Presentation Example While such crimes are easy to commit, their complexity makes them hard to investigate and prosecute them. It calls for each of us to identify-smart and make sure such crimes are stopped from spreading. It is a challenging task, but easy to win. What simply needs to be done is to follow the tips given by the experts, exercise extra care and we shall all be ahead of these identity thieves by a big step. It is a responsibility of each of us to rise to the occasion to prevent identity theft. But before we are ready to take up the task, we need to be informed of what identity theft mean. This paper is a presentation of how to prevent an identity thief. Identity theft, or identity fraud, according to the United States Department of Justice, are terms that are used when referring to all forms of crime in which an individual wrongfully obtains and makes use of personal data of that other person in some way involving deception typically for personal, economic gains (National Crime Prevention Council, 2005). Research has shown that by 2004, there were on average twenty million incidents involving identity theft in the U.S alone (Joseph, 2005). How this happens with all the securities in place, is a question everyone would want to know its exact answer. However, according to a study that was released by two research bodies (Better Business Bureau and Javelin Strategy), in early January 2005, most of the theft do take place offline, which is quite opposite of what majority of people might think (Joseph, 2005). The study found out that online information theft only accounts for about 11.6% of the total identity fraud cases. This, in essence, implies that limiting your use of own computer does not help much. Nonetheless, rushing into grabbing headline scandal that involve theft of thousands of personal records, coupled with the advent of pharming and phishing these involved in the theft might go a long way to the above figures dramatically. The findings of these studies, on the other hand, are extremely troubling. These studies indicate that almost half of the identity thefts are often committed by those people known to the victims. One other study in 2004, reported that on average 655,000 complaints that were registered with the agency, 60 percent were to do with fraud and 40 percent involving complaints of theft identity. Basing on the figures released by this study, the predominant form of identity theft was that of Credit card fraud that accounts for 30 percent of the theft reported. Utilities fraud was ranked second accounting for 20 percent of the identity theft. This was followed by Bank fraud that account for 17percent of identity theft. The FTC, as well conducted some study concerning theft committed on the internet, and it came up with 206,568 as a figure for the internet identity theft. It was also noted that about 89 percent of the victims said they suffered a financial loss, which was averaged at $1,440. Basing on these study Phoenix-Mesa- Scottsdale, Bernardino-Ontario, Las Vegas-paradise, and Riverside-San reported the highest number of identity theft. The FTC found out that of all that reported having been victimized in the U.S 8 percent aged 60 years and above with the largest number, 30 percent, falling in the range between 18 to 30 age group (Joseph, 2005). Following those figures, it becomes clear that identity theft is real and

Puritan ideals in colonial America reflected the cultural attitude and Essay

Puritan ideals in colonial America reflected the cultural attitude and defined the role of women in their society - Essay Example Choosing to be a single woman was considered by the Puritans to be disregarding ‘God’s will.’ These women were looked upon suspiciously and this choice heightened the chance that they would be accused of being a witch. This discussion will examine the role of women in colonial America and how the religious Puritanical system of the time defined women’s rights and duties within that society. Puritan women were prevented from owning property; they could not negotiate their own contracts or even keep any of their own wages. â€Å"Before the middle of the nineteenth century, the property rights of American married women followed the dictates of common law, under which everything a woman owned became her husband’s property upon her marriage† (â€Å"Married Women’s Property Acts†, n.d.). These restrictions on what a woman could do or own were partly due to the fact that most women were not considered intelligent enough to consider all the consequences involved in managing business or political situations. Women also played the subordinate role in defining the family’s religious beliefs. The observed religious traditions that guided the patriarchal family order allowed wives only a small authoritative role within the family unit. For instance, mothers were trusted and expected to pass along the teachings of the Puritans and Christianity to the children. Husbands could, and often did, entrust their wives to handle various legal and financial matters of the household or family farm but the extent of power the wife possessed always remained at her husband’s discretion. Wives that happily accepted their role and conformed to Puritan societal standards were openly referred to and addressed as ‘goodwife.’ However, the authoritative figure in the family and throughout all facets of Puritan society was clearly the man. The only role that wives served in the male dominated public psyche

Investment appraisal and NPV analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Investment appraisal and NPV analysis - Essay Example Capital Budgeting is the other name for Investment Appraisal. Every firm, company or enterprise is faced with the decision about which investment opportunities they are to choose from all the options available. The primary task of any enterprise is to maximize the wealth of its shareholders. So taking the right decision at right time is one of the key roles of any company. It is required for the profitability and sustainability of the company. More often than not every enterprise has to invest in assets, mainly capital assets, so that they get returns out of it which they can utilize either to reinvest again or to pay back its owners (Peterson & Fabozzi, 2002, p.3). Investments in assets can be of both short-term and long-term types but every firm is primarily concerned with long-term investment requiring huge amounts of money. Thus, decision on capital budgeting have a long-term effect on the performance of the firm and are critical to the firm’s success or failure. Financial appraisal or investment appraisal of a proposed investment in a firm is one of the key steps in capital budgeting and quite complex too (Dayananda, 2002, p.2). Thus proper valuation of the proposed investment projects of a company is required before coming to the conclusion about which investment proposal to accept. Some of the tools or techniques used by firms for investment appraisal are: a) Net Present Value (NPV), b) Internal Rate of Return (IRR), c) Profitability Index (PI), d) Accounting Rate of Return, e) Payback Period, etc (Shapiro, 2008, p.33). Of these NPV and IRR techniques are mostly used by companies for investments which are capital intensive and Pay Back Period technique, which is more of a traditional technique and mostly used by companies which are less capital intensive (Bedi, 2005, p.14). Now, NPV being one of the most widely used conventional tools for investment appraisal uses the Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) technique for the evaluation of proposed investments. But it can always be argued about DCF technique used in NPV analysis as being the effective and adequate technique and its relevance with business environment in reality. NPV option is always questionable when uncertainty is involved in the real business environment. Once an investment has already begun, it is very difficult to revise the investment decisions of a company using NPV analysis for its investment project appraisal. Thus, NPV analysis has its own merits and demerits in the evaluation of investment projects which have been discussed further in this study. A comparative study of two other alternative appraisal techniques to NPV is also discussed in this study. Further, what can be a more realistic approach to investment appraisal has also been discussed in details. Investment Appraisal Approaches Different approaches are adopted by different companies for evaluating their investment proposals in order to come to a decision about which investment proposal will be best for the company. Out of the many, Pay Back Period technique is one of the traditional approaches in this regard. NPV analysis and IRR techniques are commonly used investment evaluation techniques which uses the DCF technique. Risk-adjusted Present Value (RPV) analysis is one of the recently used investment appraisal technique which takes into account the risk factors involved in the investment valuation due to uncertainties present in real business environment. The concept of break-even analysis in investment is applied through the Pay Back Period method of investment appraisal technique (Banerjee, 1990, p.317). This method takes into consideration the fact that it is important to identify the recovery period of investment made originally by a company. Pay Back Period can be calculated from the following relation: Pay

Literature review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 6

Literature review - Essay Example In order to identify the relationship between employee satisfaction and its direct influence on employee performance, it is important to establish the levels of motivation, such as payment, promotion and reward, need in development, the level of freedom and stress, understand how employees perceive business environment, in a friendly manner or like a hostile surrounding. The idea of employee’s performance dependence on the level of job satisfaction was followed from the number of theories (Christen, Iyer & Soberman, 2005). Motivation to perform certain tasks is natural while the work itself is fulfilling. Jose and Mampilly (2012) observed employees’ engagement as positive work- related motivational state where they wished to contribute to work assignment that would lead to organizational success. Moreover, they state that in the modern business environment, the best practices are supposed to provide more opportunities for motivation improving through training of additional skills, attitudes and behavior of employees (Jose & Mampilly, 2012). In addition, employees’ motivation to work is supported by investment in staff development, where people see that their skills and abilities facilitate reaching of the organizational objectives. Shahzadi et al (2014) explains employees’ motivation from the point of view of the need tha t helps employees to attain assured targets. It is also procedure of different physiological and psychological wants that stimulates employee’s behavior to obtain certain performance. Motivated employees are more responsive of the definite organizational goals (Shahzadi et al, 2014). Therefore, motivational approach leads to the right organizational direction and successful accomplishments of business practices. It is established (Abadi et al, 2011) that money is the most fundamental factor that motivates employees,

1932, A true history of the United States Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

1932, A true history of the United States - Essay Example Lincoln had envisioned a society where slavery would not be there. During Lincoln rule, his visionary of seeing many states free of British rule was seen to pass (Aljosa). The British did not like the idea of American Independence as it caused a number of uprisings against them, and so waged a personal war on the countries which had adopted the United States doctrine. The British also plotted for Abraham Lincoln’s assassination in an attempt to stop his rule and some of his principles that were corrupting countries to rebel against the British. In the coming of President William McKinley, a key individual who continued some of the philosophies of Lincoln was also another target for the British. President William McKinley was in fact assassinated by the British, and President Teddy Roosevelt took over (Aljosa). Teddy Roosevelt was a pro-British person due to his links with some of British Key allies. Many wars were fought so as to reclaim to reclaim the British Empire to its states that is the World War 1. British wanted to show that it is still superior to the United States. In conclusion, the given documentary provides a good account about the American history

Therapeutic Approaches Paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Therapeutic Approaches Paper - Assignment Example The therapeutic relationship was established so as to create a means by which the health professions and the respective patient come get into a one on one conversation so as to archive effective beneficial changes to the respective patient (Bowie 1996). Therapeutic approach communications are mostly applicable in mental health centers and it is conducted by mental professionals who have a common purpose of solving emotional conflicts that that happen through the mind of the respective patients. Therapeutic relationship assurers the patients at hand of enough security in the information they give to the healthcare professionals. This enhances them to open up and give the accurate information about what is making them to have the emotional conflicts and thus getting the appropriate treatment. Therapeutic relationship was established after some major researches were conducted and it was scientifically proved that it really aided the health care professionals to foresee the appropriate d iagnosis and treatment that the patient required to cure the particular disease that he or she was suffering from (Gel so 1998). Rogers developed a therapeutic relationship model that was aimed at providing the respective patients with a chance of them understanding how their particular attitudes and feelings are being affected by their emotional conflicts and the appropriate treatment required to solve these problems is that the patients should achieve their full positive potential. Rogers discovered a number of conditions that that was essential to enhance effective changes to the client's personality. Some of these conditions include genuine of both the heath care therapist and the respective patient, professionalism of the health care therapist in his work, the patient openness to the healthcare therapist and many others. Rogers was focused on developing a therapeutic relationship model that will ensure that both the patients and the health care therapist were both involved in s olving the patient’s emotional conflicts (Gel so 1998). A health care professional is one who is able to put himself or herself in the shoes of the respective patient that they are attending and avoid any circumstances of being judgmental. The health care professionals should have a sympathetic and empathetic attitude towards their particular patients and this will enhance them to get familiar with the personality, feelings and so many other factors that relate to their patients. The health care professionals who conduct the therapeutic relationship posse’s very good communication skills which one of them is listening. An effective communication process occurs between two individuals. It is a two process and hence the two involved parties should give each other time to speak and listen (Forchuk, Westwel, and Hux 2000). The therapeutic health care professional has understood this communication skill and they are employing it professionally their day to day work. Every i ndividual desires to be heard as they speak in all circumstances and if by any chance the therapeutic health care professionals lack this special communicating skill then they end up not meeting the expectations of their patients (Steve 2000). Effective therapeutic communication also involves use nonverbal communication such

Influence of Winthrop and Hobbes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

Influence of Winthrop and Hobbes - Essay Example Hobbes also espouses ideas concerning equality stating that despite people living in different conditions in life, nature has made all men equal and because of this, no one should be superior to another. A result of the viewpoints espoused by these individuals is that they have become an essential part of developing a system of governance that not only embraces democracy but also guarantees the rights of all individuals in society. When one makes a study of Winthrop and Hobbes’ works, one will find that they are quite similar to the modern conventions concerning human rights as well as the rights of children. Hobbes states that all men have the liberty to do as they wish and this is an ability which has been given to them by nature and as a result it an inalienable right.   All men have control over their own lives and they can do everything that they believe is right according to their own judgment, thus ensuring that they remain completely free. An echo of Hobbes’ sentiments appears in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) which also declares that all human beings are born equal in dignity and in rights and that they are free to do what they think is right according to their own conscience. This declaration shows Hobbes’ influence on it despite its having been written some four hundred years before the UDHR was formally declared and implemented. This belief in the right of a ll men to equality as well as is based on a belief that human liberty has its origins in nature and that no man has the right to deny others the right to choose what they want to do with their lives.

Gender Differences in Computer-Mediated Communications Essay Example for Free

Gender Differences in Computer-Mediated Communications Essay â€Å"On the Internet, no body knows you’re a dog. † Herring (2003, p. 205) mentioned this caption of a cartoon bearing published in the New Yorker (July 1993). May be in this age with the internet evolution it’s hard to know it’s a dog, but what about distinguishing user’s gender in computer-mediated communication (CMC) is it easy or not. This essay tries to shade the light on some of these gender differences in computer-mediated communication (CMC). This essay gives an idea about computer-mediated communication (CMC) modes and the gap between CMC expectations and the fact that there are gender differences in CMC. Then it gives an idea about gender differences in traditional communication followed by exploring gender differences in CMC. First, it’s important to have an idea about CMC different modes. According to Herring (2003, p. 205), â€Å"computer mediated communication (CMC) comprises a variety of interactive socio-technical modes†. She gave some examples of these modes such as: e-mail, discussion lists and newsgroups, chat, MUDs (Multi-User Dimensions) and MOOs (MUD, Object Oriented), IM (Instant Messaging). Dalampan (2006) classifies CMC modes into: synchronous and asynchronous (Figure. 1). The synchronous mode requires communication in real-time. However, the synchronous mode doesn’t require interlocutors to be online at the same time. (p. 59) According to Dalampan (2006), the field of computer-mediated communication (CMC) continues to generate interest from sociolinguists who are concerned with whether the traditional gender differences in face-to-face interaction are carried over into online discourse (p. 59). The problem that all studies tried to investigate is the gap between earlier high expectations for CMC concerning providing an environment that creates equity and the fact that gender differences still existed even in CMC environment. Li (2006) saw that many educators and researchers had high hopes for CMC, believing that it provided more equal access to information and communication and would ultimately lead to greater equity. Also, Hendry (2001, p. 3) mentioned that earlier research in computer-mediated communication (CMC) found that CMC promoted social equity. She explains that this could be due to predictions by many researchers that CMC would democratize communication and mitigate gender differences. Despite these claims that the relative anonymous communication on the Internet would break down traditional gender binaries, research has identified gender differences in computer-mediated discourse, similar to differences observed in spoken discourse. (Herring, 2006) In order to determine whether the language used by males and females in computer-mediated communication (CMC) reveal gender related differences or not, many studies were conducted. However, according to Li (2006) research findings concerning gender differences in CMC are mixed. However, this essay will explore some of these gender differences in CMC in some related studies. Linguists have long recognized gender as a factor that may affect person’s linguistic productions (Baron, 2005, p. 8). â€Å"Sociolinguists have written extensively about stylistic differences they have observed between males and females in spoken and written language† (p. 4). Based on these previous studies, Baron (2005) mentioned some gender linguistic differences such as: females tend to use more politeness indicators than males, whereas males more frequently interrupt woman than vice versa; in general, women tend to use language as a tool for facilitating social interaction, whereas males are more prone to use language for conveying information; on average, women’s speech reflects standard phonological, lexical, and grammatical patterns more than men’s does (p. 8). Computer-mediated communication (CMC) has attracted more and more researchers’ attention as a due to the dramatic increase in the use of the Internet in recent years (Li, 2005, p. 382). According to Baron (2003) linguists and other scientists have been studying CMC for we over a decade (p. 4). The essay now will give some examples for gender differences in CMC. Herring (2006, p. 4) reported a tendency for women to be more polite, supportive, emotionally expressive, and less verbose than men in online public forums. Conversely, men are more likely to insult, challenge, express sarcasm, use profanity, and send long messages. Also, Baron (2003) listed some gender differences such as women tend to use more affective markers, more hedges, more politeness markers, and more tag questions. However, men are likely to use more referential language, more profanity, and fewer personal pronouns than women. (p. 9) A study conducted by Li (2006) showed that gender is a considerable factor in the context of mathematics and sciences learning using CMC. Concerning gender communication patterns, findings show males students are more likely to present their opinions and explanations, but less likely to make specific suggestions; whereas female students tend to ask for a lot of information, but are less likely to provide explanations or opinions. Also, female students tend to initiate conversations, while male students are more likely to enter the dialogue at later stages and respond to previous discussions. Li (2006) presented a meta analysis for some studies in gender differences in CMC. Her analysis provided answers for three main questions: first one, what are gender differences in users’ communication patterns in CMC? Results show that on average, female users had a significantly higher frequency of collaborative instances using CMC than males. Also, females had a significantly higher frequency of challenging others and were more personal oriented. Males, on the other hand, used more authoritative statements. Second one, to what extent do male and female differ in their interaction pattern in CMC? Results indicated that, on average, there was a small but significant gender effect on users’ participation pattern, male users had a significantly higher frequency of posting messages or having longer access to the Internet than female users, also, male users have better access to CMC environments. Third question, who would enjoy CMC environment, males or females? Results showed that, on average, there was a moderate but significant gender effect on users’ enjoyment of CMC. Male users enjoyed more CMC environments than their female counterparts. According to Bernard (1998), males tend to dominate group discussions, even when they are in the minority. They even tend to generate more aggressive and often caustic interactions to the extent that they often marginalize female communications to the point of being excluded from the CM interactions. Savicki and Kelley (2000, p. 817) examined whether men and women communicate differently using CMC. They found that gender composition of the groups is the variable that has the strongest relationship to communication style. Results found that women in small task group developed a significantly different style of communication than men did using CMC with other men. They explained that women in female-only groups were able to overcome the limitations of the text-only format of CMC with self-disclosure, use of â€Å"I† statements and through directly addressing their message to other group members. On the other hand, they found that men in male-only groups ignored the sociomotional aspects of group functioning and were more likely to engage in a collective monologue approach to discussion with the addition of mild flaming. Men in MO groups were less satisfied with the CMC experience and showed lower levels of group development. (p. 817) Herring (2003) (Baron, 2005, p. 15) found that on many-to-many asynchronous CMC mode (listservs and newsgroups), males tended to be more adversarial and to write longer messages than females, whereas females tended to be more supportive in their postings with shorter messages and more apologizes than males. On the other hand on synchronous many-to-many CMC mode (chat and social MUDs and MOOs), males were more aggressive and insulting, whereas female had more aligned and supportive discourse. By studying IM conversations of college students, Baron (2005) concluded that there are significant gender differences in IM conversations. She found that male-male conversations tend to be shorter and have more of a spoken character, while female-female conversations tend to be longer and have more of a written character. Males use more contractions than do females. (p. 14) On the other side, Dalampan (2006) added the context factor or dimension he concluded that males and females language use seems to be influenced more by the context of use than their gender this may be because both males and females in his sample were scholars so they were acting like scholars not as males and females. He also concluded that despite the claims of previous research that females used more linguistic qualifiers, hedges, and personal pronouns, the associations were not found to be strong. (p. 65) Another study conducted by Abdul Kadir and Din (2006) shows that there are no significant gender differences in CMC learning mode orientation and learning style. (p. 50) At the end, however research findings may appear to be mixed but findings showed that computer-mediated communication (CMC) couldn’t eliminate gender differences as expected after all it is another communication environment. These gender differences are somehow similar to gender differences in spoken and written language. Some findings didn’t show significant gender differences this could be due to other factors such as the presence of the instructor in the Dalampan (2006) study. Also, findings were different depending on CMC mode either being synchronous/asynchronous or one-to-one/one-to-many. References Abdul Kadir, R. Din, R. (2006). Computer Mediated Communication: A motivational strategy toward diverse learning style. Journal Pendidikan, 31, pp. 41-51. Retrieved March 16, 2008 from http://pkukmweb. ukm. my/~penerbit/jurnal_pdf/jpend31_03. pdf Baron, N. S. (2003). Instant Messaging by American College Students: A case study in computer-mediated communication. Retrieved March 16, 2008 from http://www. american. edu/tesol/Baron-SeeYouOnlineCorrected64. pdf Baron, N. S. (2005). See You Online: Gender issues in college student use of instant messaging. Retrieved March 16, 2008 from http://www. american. edu/tesol/Baron-SeeYouOnlineCorrected64. pdf Bernard, M. L. (1998). Gender Interaction Differences Using Computer-Mediated Communication: Can the Internet serve as a status equalizer?. Retrieved March 16, 2008 from http://psychology. wichita. edu/mbernard/articles/GenderInternet. html Dalampan, A. E. (2006). Gender Issues in Computer-Mediated Communications. TESL working paper, 4 (2). Retrieved March 16, 2008 from http://web1. hpu. edu/images/GraduateStudies/TESL_WPS/10Dalampan_Gender_a17241. pdf Hendry, J. (2001). E-gender or Agenda: Are women getting what they want?. ANZMAC 2001. Retrieved March 16, 2008 from http://smib. vuw. ac. nz:8081/WWW/ANZMAC2001/anzmac/AUTHORS/pdfs/Hendry. pdf Herring, S. C. Paolillo, I. C. (2006). Gender and Genre Variation in Weblogs. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 10(4). Retrieved March 16, 2008 from http://www. blogninja. com/jslx. pdf Herring, S. C. (2003). Gender and Power in Online Communication. In: J. Holmes and M. Meyerhoff (Eds. ), The Handbook of Language and G

Raisin’ in the Sun Essay Example for Free

Raisin’ in the Sun Essay 1. WALTER: â€Å"You wouldn’t understand yet, son, but your daddy’s gonna make a transaction . . . a business transaction that’s going to change our lives. That’s how come one day when you ‘bout seventeen years old I’ll come home . . . I’ll pull the car up on the driveway . . . just a plain black Chrysler, I think, with white walls—no—black tires . . . the gardener will be clipping away at the hedges and he’ll say, â€Å"Good evening, Mr. Younger. † And I’ll say, â€Å"Hello, Jefferson, how are you this evening? † And I’ll go inside and Ruth will come downstairs and meet me at the door and we’ll kiss each other and she’ll take my arm and we’ll go up to your room to see you sitting on the floor with the catalogues of all the great schools in America around you. All the great schools in the world! And—and I’ll say, all right son—it’s your seventeenth birthday, what is it you’ve decided?! † (Act II, scene ii) Walter’s speech is addressed to Travis closing one of the most important scenes in the play and foreshadowing the climax of the novel. Walter is explaining that he is going to invest money choosing his own way instead of agreeing with other family members. Walter was working as a chauffeur to rich people and he had heard about benefits of investing. Walter becomes obsessed with this idea and he is dreaming about wealthy future describing luxurious cars he will have. He is sure that his dreams with inevitable come true and, therefore, he uses ‘will’, not ‘if’ in sentences. His dream is not fully materialistic as he sees chances to improve relations with his wife and Travis will study in the best colleges. In such a way Walter is growing to maturity when he thinks about his family, their provisions etc. 2. WALTER: â€Å" [W]e have decided to move into our house because my father—my father—he earned it for us brick by brick. We don’t want to make no trouble for nobody or fight no causes, and we will try to be good neighbors. And that’s all we got to say about that. We don’t want your money†. (Act III) Walter’s words are addressed to Mr. Linder after Walter reveals that liquor store has been stolen. Walter shows first signs of disobedience and disagreement as other family members don’t want to accept Mr. Linder buyout. This quotation shows that Walter has his own ideas, desires and beliefs. Moreover, he is willing to act as independent and self-sufficient personality. Walter shifts his priorities. He has changed as earlier he focused his attention on money only, but now he is taking care of his family. It is possible to say that he has become a man. References Hansberry, Lorraine. (2004). A Raisin’ in the Sun. USA: Vintage.

Strategies for Problem Solving: Theory Analysis

Strategies for Problem Solving: Theory Analysis Corrine Conley One type of problem is known as well-defined problem which usually have a correct answer; this certain procedure will end in a solution. The other type of problem is known as an Ill-defined problem which is more common and does not have a clear defined answer or solution. The Gestalt psychologist’s laws of perceptual organization were interested in perception, learning, problem solving and even attributes and beliefs. The Gestalt approach to problem solving is based upon the foundations of the mind’s representation of the problem and the reorganization of the problems resolution in the mind. The central idea of the Gestalt approach dissects a problem and the route to solution characterized in the person’s mind. The solution to Gestalt’s experiment showed that the solution requires first understanding the object and translating it into the brain in a more understandable form. This reformation of the problem’s representation is referred to as restructuring. Restructuring also introduced the idea of insight, the abrupt recognition of a problem’s solution. This sudden realization involves discovering a crucial element that opens the doors to the resolution. Although insight does offer problem solving resolution, there are several obstacles to problem solving like fixation. Fixation is an individual’s habit of giving attention to one aspect or specific characteristic of the problem that keeps them solving the problem more quickly. Furthermore, the theory of functional fixedness is the brain’s confining of the use of an object to its most acquainted functions. The textbook refers to an example of function fixedness in â€Å"The candle problem† to hinder problem solving. Another demonstration of functional fixedness is provided by Maier’s â€Å"two-string problem† in which the participants’ task was to tie together two strings that were hanging from the ceiling. The brain’s habitual mistake of reasoning with functional fixation had to be overcome before the patients were able to come to a conclusion by restructuring their accustomed use of the pliers and achieved the solution easily. Both ex amples are referred to as mental sets, or a preconceived notion and habit when attempting to tackle a problem, usually a mental set is highly influenced by a previous personal experience of what has worked in the past. Newell and Simon saw problems in terms of initial state, or the primary conditions at the foundation of the problem and a goal state, or the solution of the problem. Their experiments had a number of possible ways to resolve the problem. Newell and Simon saw problem solving as a series of choices into the probably solution. With each creating an intermediate state, this problem space or the initial, goal and all feasible intermediate states for each individual problem. They developed a strategy called the â€Å"means-end analysis† to find a solution through one way of directly approach the search for a solution using strategies. The primary goal of the strategy of â€Å"means-end analysis† is the reduction of the difference of number of steps between the initial and goal states. This goal is achieved by using sub goals, or transitional states that are closer to the goal. Newell and Simon’s approach to problem solving is that it provided a way to identify the potential routes from the initial to goal states. Research has shown that there is more to problem solving that specifying the problem space. This research has shown that two problems with the same problems space can vary greatly in difficulty. Several techniques were studied like the â€Å"think-aloud protocol† where participants are asked to do a problem, meanwhile, project out loud to the researchers their thoughts as occurring during the intermediate states of comprehension to solve the problem. The goal of the â€Å"think-aloud protocol† is to decipher the important information and necessary thoughts leading to the solution of the problem. Often we use analogies to solve problems. The starting point of this research is to establish the connection of transferring an experience with solving one problem and the attribution of that experience to a different but similar problem. The transfer of experience is referred to as the analogical transfer and is studied to try and solve a target problem or source problem that share similarities with the target problem. Another technique would be the analogical encoding, which demonstrates participants applying a single principle to two different problems. Researchers in analogical encoding strive to find the underlying structure of the principle behind the encoding. The final analogy is the strategy of contingency, which uses negotiation to compare source stories as a strategy to train the brain to use key structural features to activate a response to a quicker more enhanced route of getting to the conclusion. Real world analogies involve problem solving illustration that Kevin Dunbar referred to as analogical paradox. Dunbar concluded that people that is analogy problems, his patients showed consistent use of surface features helping to solve the problem but in the real world they actually use deeper connections in structure. Dunbar came to this conclusion using in-vivo research is the study of real-world situations and patients reactions and decisions made in these situations. Dunbar’s team of researchers videotaped molecular biologists and immunologists during their lab meetings, and found that researchers used analogies from 3 to 15 times in a 1-hour laboratory meeting. In designing new products and in scientific problem solving, Dunbar concluded that analogies are relevant and highly useful. Compared to the average human mind, experts in particular field possess more knowledge about their field and the organization of the knowledge in their brain is more easily accessed when needed to work on a particular problem. The problems and knowledge are sorted based on structural features, such as their surface features and their deep structure. Often, experts even get to a slow start on a problem because they take additional time to understand and formulate a strategy on how to solve the particular problem. There are two types of creativity that can come into play with problem solving. The first being divergent thinking, is open-ended and involves a large number of potential solutions without any correct answer. The opposite would then be convergent thinking, the problem with a specific solution and a correct answer needing to be found. The thoughts and processes involved in creativity, and the use of creativity has very limited information available to be studied. From the research available, proof is shown that fixation does have a large effect on the ability to creatively solve a problem and when analogical thinking is used this constraint is lessened.

Queen Elizabeth 1 Essay -- essays research papers

Elizabeth I (also known as Elizabeth the Great, or the "Virgin Queen") was born in 1533 into a dangerous world of political intrigue. When she was only two years old, her father, King Henry VIII killed her mother, Ann Boleyn, because she had not yet produced a male heir. Henry's routine killing of her successive stepmothers every few years traumatized Elizabeth, who loved her father. Although Henry finally did father a son, Edward VI, the boy did not live long, dying at the age of sixteen after a six-year reign, and thus Elizabeth's older sister Mary I came to the throne in 1553. Meanwhile, the young Elizabeth showed exceptional intelligence, excelling at her studies well beyond any of the other royal children. A Catholic, Mary married the Hapsburg prince of Spain, the soon-to-be Philip II. Mary would come to be known as "Bloody Mary" for her harsh treatment of English Protestants in her attempt to restore Catholicism to England. When Sir Thomas Wyat the Younger's Rebellion threatened Mary's rule, she believed Elizabeth to have been involved in the plot and imprisoned her in the Tower of London. By a combination of luck and skillful persuasion on the part of her political allies, Elizabeth survived this ordeal and became queen when Mary died in 1558. Elizabeth quickly consolidated power and returned the country to Protestantism, passing the Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity, although by Reformation standards Catholics fared well under these acts. Wi...

Abraham Lincoln :: essays research papers

Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln was the 16th president of the United States. Born in a log cabin in the backwoods, Lincoln was almost entirely self-educated. In 1831 he settled in New Salem, Ill., and worked as a storekeeper, surveyor, and postmaster while studying law. The story of his brief love affair there with Anne Rutledge is now discredited. In 1834 he was elected to the state legislature, and in 1836 he became a lawyer. He served one term (1847–49) in Congress as a Whig; in 1855 he sought to become a senator but failed. In 1856 he joined the new Republican Party. He ran again in 1858 for the Senate against Stephen A. Douglas, and in a spirited campaign he and Douglas engaged in seven debates. Lincoln was not an abolitionist, but he regarded slavery as an evil and opposed its extension. Although he lost the election, he had by now made a name for himself, and in 1860 he was nominated by the Republicans for president. He ran against a divided Democratic party and was elected with a minority of the popular vote. To the South, Lincoln's election was a signal for secession. By Inauguration Day seven states had seceded, and four more seceded after he issued a summons to the militia. It is generally agreed that Lincoln handled the vast problems of the Civil War with skill and vigor. Besides conducting the war, he faced opposition in the North from radical abolitionists, who considered him too mild, and from conservatives, who were gloomy over the prospects of success in the war. His cabinet was rent by internal hatred, and the progress of the war went against the North at first. In 1863 he moved to free the slaves by issuing the Emancipation Proclamation, but preserving the Union remained his main war aim. His thoughts on the war were beautifully expressed in the Gettysburg Address (1863). In 1864 Lincoln ran for reelection against George B. McClellan and won, partly because of the favorable turn of military affairs after his

Nooligan and Street Boy Essay -- English Literature

Nooligan and Street Boy The poems "Nooligan" by Roger McGough and "Street Boy" by Gareth Owen are two poems which both deal with the issue of teenage hooliganism, and both poets use language to create a vivid sense of character. Although both deal with the same theme, there are many similarities and differences between the two. "Nooligan" is about a boy who thinks he is really powerful and harsh but is actually an uneducated boy trying to be a real hooligan. "Street Boy" is also about a hooligan except that he actually is more powerful and has a higher status than the inferior "Nooligan". One of the main similarities is that both the poets present the characters as using slang language or some sort of incorrect form of English. In "Nooligan" for example the boy says in the fourth line of the third verse: Football's me game (Well, watchin') McGough has used "me" instead of my. This portrays the "Nooligan" as unintelligent and uneducated because of the use of words and grammar, because the poem gives us an impression that "Nooligan" isn't the type of person who would work hard (he doesn't "give a toss"), I'm not surprised at the hooligan's English. The use of slang by the hooligan in "Street Boy" is the word "hark" instead of listen or hear and "stompin'" instead of walking. The effects that these two words put on us are that we start to think that the boy actually does have some power and attitude, and we believe that he actually is the bully that he's talking about. But at the same time, the use of these slang words makes the characters appear to be foolish and idiotic. Another similarity that the poet employs in the two poems is that in both of them, the first line of each verse is the sa... ...he is. The words "stompin'", "silence", "spaced", "stoned" all show that. In conclusion, the two poems are very interesting and engaging in terms of the use of words, tone, structure etc. The poets Roger McGough ("Nooligan") and Gareth Owen ("Street Boy") use specific techniques to give the poems a certain effect. There are differences and similarities between the two obviously. The main similarity is the poets' use of slang and an incorrect form of English and the main difference is the language and vocabulary between the two poems. Something worth mentioning is that the poets have made the poems relate to all teenagers in general since the name of the "Nooligan" and the "Street Boy" aren't given. So overall, there are a lot of similarities and differences between the two, but both are to the point and give you a general idea of what the poem is about.

Impact Of Insomnia On Daytime Ability To Function Essay

Insomnia pertains to a symptom that is characterized by the difficulty in falling asleep. In other cases, insomnia is also involved in not being able to sleep for the required number of hours each night. It is thus pertinent to describe insomnia as a symptom associated with poor quality or insufficiency of sleep. Several factors may trigger the symptom of insomnia in an individual, hence this condition can be considered as situational, wherein a certain incident may result in an individual’s inability to sleep. Insomnia may also be described based on its occurrence in an individual, thus resulting in intermittent or persistent forms (Davidson 109). Insomnia generally occurs with another medical condition, such as a psychiatric disease or drug abuse. The importance of treatment regimens for insomnia has been the focus of biomedical research as it has long been established that insomnia does not resolve through time. More importantly, it has been reported that insomnia can significantly affect the quality of life of an individual. In addition, insomnia can result in the further progression of a psychiatric disorder, thus putting a patient at greater risk for mental health deterioration (Davidson 112). It has also been observed that the occurrence of insomnia is positively correlated to the frequency of consultations with a physician, as additional medical disorders are caused by this sleeping symptom. Impact of insomnia on sleep As insomnia is a symptom that affects sleep, it is important to determine the causative factors that result in such condition. The most common factors that influence the occurrence of insomnia include stressful incidents in the life of an individual. Death of a loved one, as well as conflict with another individual, often results in insomnia (Davidson 110). Illness and problems with work or study can also result in a difficulty in sleeping. Environmental factors may also result in insomnia, such as that of residing in a location where there is constant noise from traffic or construction. Social conditions may also influence the occurrence of insomnia, such as that of caring for a newborn baby right after childbirth. However, it should be understood that the sleeping patterns of pregnant women after generally disturbed and thus may even be more severe after childbirth. It has been suggested that post-partum insomnia may be possibly due to the mother’s instinct of providing constant care for her child, in terms of feeding and cleaning the baby. Other social factors that result in insomnia include having an adolescent child who spends evenings outside the home and the parents worriedly stay awake until their child comes home (Davidson 110). Age has also been reported to influence the occurrence on insomnia. It has been observed that insomnia is a common symptom that afflicts women who have reached the transition stage into menopause, as this phase of their life causes much distress to them. Caring for a sick elderly individual also results in insomnia, as the caretaker vigilantly checks on an older individual throughout the night. This condition tends to be more difficult when the elderly person is also suffering from Alzheimer’s disease, which is generally characterized by straying to other places even in the late hours of the night. The caretaker thus tends to keep watch over the actions of the elderly person in order to keep him from harm. Impact of insomnia of waking functioning Circadian rhythm pertains to the cyclic patterns that an individual undertakes based on a synchronizing stimulus. Most living species synchronize their activities based on the most ominous factor, which is the light emanating from the sun. In the case of human beings, sunlight determines whether it is time to awaken or to sleep. The presence of light also influences the majority of the physiologic activities of the human body, including the time of the meals in an entire day. The circadian clock of every individual is thus set according to the standard day, wherein sunlight in present for approximately 12 hours and absence for another 12 hours. Within the evening, the human body is programmed to rest and this is mainly through sleep. The occurrence of insomnia can affect an individual’s circadian rhythm as the length or the quality of sleep is affected. An individual with insomnia may be awake at least half of the night and thus find poor coordination in his motor and mental skills during the day. Individuals who work on a shift basis are often affected by insomnia as they are generally assigned to different hours every few months (Shechter 15). Healthcare personnel, such as nurses and technologists, are usually assigned to work on the night shift for 3 months and thus their circadian rhythm is misaligned during this period. Once they return to their daytime shift, they find difficulty in falling asleep as their bodies have already adjusted to a modified circadian rhythm (Shechter 14). The same conditions also occur in other jobs that are associated with changes in shift duties, including those in the police departments and other 24-hour surveillance jobs. The perturbation in the circadian rhythm and its association to the onset of insomnia often results in the deterioration of the quality of work of an individual or a poor performance in school. In addition, an individual with insomnia usually shows poor cognitive capacity, as well as a decrease in the productivity at work. These individuals often lack the capacity to focus on their activities, resulting in accidents (Shechter 15). It is a common occurrence that drivers get into accidents due to the lack of sleep and thus their motor skills and reflex actions are not that reactive during the day. Polysomnographic features of insomnia Polysomnographic studies have shown that an individual with insomnia is generally characterized to have a short latency period during their sleep (Shechter 14). In addition, the sleep efficiency of these individuals is significantly low, resulting in the frequent and easy awakening by even simple stimuli in their immediate environment. The rapid eye movement (REM) and sigma sleep stages of individuals with insomnia are largely influenced by the circadian rhythms that are been set by their bodies and thus any change in the sleeping quality and habits may affect these sleep stages. Any disturbance in these sleep stages may result in the lack of or difficulty in sleeping. Polysomnographic investigations have also shown that the core body temperature in influenced by an individual’s circadian rhythm. Sleep is thus normally observed in the evening, when the core body temperature is significantly lower than what is usually observed during the day. Any shift in the circadian rhythm of an individual may thus result in an unexpected core body temperature, resulting in an individual’s difficulty in falling asleep. This core body temperature should be achieved approximately six hours before going to sleep, in order for an individual to achieve the normal 8 hours of sleep. For an individual who attends to a night-shift job, the usual length of sleep varies from 4 to 7 hours, which is a prime feature of insomnia. Behavior and/or therapeutic recommendations for insomnia It is possible to adapt behavioral conditioning strategies for insomnia. Individuals suffering from insomnia often spend hours or several evenings in bed but are fully awake the entire time. Their insomnia thus further worsens as their brain is conditioned to consider the bed and the bedroom as sites where one stays awake and any attempt to further induce sleep may be futile. It is thus suggested that when one feels sleepy, regardless of the time of day, one should then attempt to go to his bed in order to teach his brain that the bed is a place to sleep. It is also not helpful for an individual with insomnia to find a substitute place to sleep, such as the couch, as this will condition his mind that the couch is his sleeping niche and eventually, going back to the bedroom can even be harder to achieve. There are specific drug formulations that may also aid an individual suffering from insomnia. One of the most common medications is benzodiazepine, which binds to the gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors of the brain, which is responsible to the excitation of neural cells (Davidson 111). This binding thus results in the inhibition of the neural functions of the individual, resulting in a sleepy mode. One negative effect of benzodiazepine is that the normal stages of sleep are affected and thus may trigger unnecessary changes in the duration of each stage and possibly dependence on the drug. It is also possible that this drug may induce hypnotic effects on an individual. Non-benzodiazepine formulations are also available for the treatment of insomnia. Melatonin is another therapeutic regimen that may be administered to an individual with insomnia (Davidson 112). There is currently great debate with regards to the effectiveness of this drug, as it has mostly been applied to individuals suffering from jet lag-induced insomnia and thus this drug may not be effective for other insomnias that are caused by other factors. Antidepressants and antihistamines can also be administered to insomnia patients to alleviate their difficulty in falling asleep. Herbal concoctions have also been reported to facilitate sleep. A few of the most used herb are chamomile, kava kava and lavender, which can be supplied in tea formats. Personal reflections Insomnia is generally regarded as a simple condition that is often misunderstood and mistreated. It is important that insomnia be addressed as soon as possible because this condition often affects several systems of the human body and may thus result in the decrease in the immune capacity of an individual. Insomnia can also affect the quality of work or study of an individual and thus this negative effect should be addressed at the earliest possible time. Social interactions can also be affected by insomnia, as these individuals are often irritable and sensitive. Several accidents have also been caused by the lack of sleep and it is possible that an individual may hurt himself while working and even hurt other people, especially when they are using a motor vehicle when they suddenly lose attention or fall asleep. It is thus imperative that individuals with insomnia be educated on what to do to take control of their condition and possibly go back to their normal circadian patterns.

Radio and Television in Mass Media Essay

A form of media that revolutionized the way humans communicate was the radio. David Sarnoff is the best candidate for the man who put radio on the map. Although it may have not been his choosing, the sinking of the Titanic in 1916 put his name in the record books. For three days straight, the young Sarnoff decoded messages from the sinking ship from his office in New York (Wells 36). The Titanic broadcast was groundbreaking, because it showed and economically profitable way by which radio could be used as a medium of mass communication for ordinary families (Wells 36). By 1930 transmitters were popping up in cities around the nation. A record 30 million households had a set, and the one set per household was becoming a reality (Wells 42). The power of radio was not really noticed until a monumental broadcast in 1939. H.G. Wells’ â€Å"War of the Worlds† broadcast brought a whole nation to its knees and caused widespread panic among millions of viewers. Hours after the broadcast, people from coast to coast were thrown into panic, believing monsters from Mars, invulnerable space ships were destroying the earth. They took to cars, ran out to warn neighbors, traffic was jammed, church services were ended. Four times during the show the listeners were reminded that they were hearing a dramatization, but many citizens couldn’t see past. After the incident, Wells told reporters that radio is a popular democratic machine for disseminating information and entertainment (Naremore 38). The power of radio was soon known, and this incident brought light to it. Today there more than 575 million radios in America alone (Encyclopedia Britannica). The latest study from the National Broadcasting Company found that 90.5 percent of the adult population listens to some type of radio during the week. Today, Clear Channel Communications owns over 1,200 radio stations across the United States, and Cumulus, the second largest owns 266 stations. (Grant, Meadows 141). With the FCC eliminating caps on ownership, one day everyone may be listening to the same news, spun whichever way Clear Channel feels like spinning it; to the left wing, or the right. Traditional radio is facing its toughest battle these days though. Satellite radio is sweeping through the market like a wildfire; with CD-quality sound, and hundreds of channels to choose from, who wouldn’t spend the ten dollars a month to have  XM or Sirius? Although both companies reported losses in mid-2004, each service looks to become profitable by the end of 2005 (Grant 142). Radio will be hard-pressed to keep up with satellite. XM’s digital music library is among the world’s largest – 1.5 million titles and counting. Out of the 121 channels available on XM, 68 are 100% commercial free 24 hours a day, year round, with over 1500 hours of live programming every week. Although XM and Sirius only represent radio’s 4.5 million subscriptions only represents a fraction of radio’s 290 million weekly listeners, the number of satellite subscriptions is expected to double in 2005 (Bachman 4). On Christmas Day 2004, over 50,000 subscribers signed up for satellite radio service. If both companies hit their projections, there will be 7.7 million satellite radio subscribers by January 2006 (Bachman 4). Satellite radio isn’t the only next generation radio system on the market. In 2004, 10,000 HD radios were sold, with prices ranging from $500-$1,000. B the end of 2005, Strubble predicts there will be a t least 600 HD radio stations, covering 80% of the U.S. and about 100,000 HD radios sold. HD radio representative John Smulyan believes, â€Å"WE think this is one of those opportunities for game-changing radio business† (Bachman 5). Television began with three companies that still dominate the airwaves, ABC, NBC, and CBS. In a world of subscription, these companies till offer free TV, but the ratings are going more towards cable. The clean cut programming that was once aired is being replaced with a plethora of violence and political propaganda that may ruin television. Television ranks just behind radio in penetration in the U.S. With over 106 million home, or 98% of the U.S. population having televisions, there is a plethora of sets ready to catch signals for people to view. Network TV has emerged over the last two decades as the dominant vehicle for interpreting national politics. TV has become the major source of news for the population, and the only news source for others. The problem is that politicians and journalists feed off each other like leeches. The politician needs the journalist for their messages to reach the intended audience, and journalists need the politicians to have something to write about. The coverage politicians seek gives them an outlet from which to speak. Those  who look good in the media can make a good image for themselves. The real problem comes when the news turns out to be propaganda, causing action from an opposing side that leads to deception. More than propaganda, violence seems to be the hot topic debated daily by politician and parent alike. Can what you child sees on television affect how he lives his/her life? E.B. White once said that â€Å"television is going to be the test of the modern world† (Simons 151). There is no doubt that television has become the central activity in homes today. Its ability to entertain, teach and persuade has huge impact on viewers. In the United States 98% of households have at least one set (Simons 149). What is astonishing is that children are watching an average of 7.5 hours a day (Simmons 149). One of the main concerns with television programming is the violence viewed by children that cannot understand the differences between fantasy and reality. Davidson, in a issue of Rolling Stones, agreed that â€Å"children are vulnerable to television between the ages of 2 to 8 years because of their maturational inability to separate what they view from reality† (qtd. in Simmons 152). Violence was such an issue that is came under consideration in the 50s and 60’s in Congress. The findings supported the idea that a casual relationship existed between television violence and aggressive behavior. The National Coalition on Television Violence has classified the Mighty Morphin Power Rangers as the most violent program ever studied, with almost 200 violent acts per hour (Simmons 150). In an experimental study involving 5 to 11 year olds, children who watch Power Rangers committed seven times more aggressive acts than those who did not. Shows such as these caused a large number of accidents and quarrels due to the children imitating the characters actions. There is no doubt that the television programming has engulfed the U.S. population. As of 2003, 71.3% of U.S. households received cable programming (Grant, Meadows 29). This fact is amazing, because cable had only been around for fifty years. Not only programming is changing, but how we receive it as well. In May 2002, the FCC set a deadline by which all U.S. commercial television broadcasters were required to be broadcasting digital television signals. This date was a little early though, but by September 2003, 38 of 40 stations in the 10 largest markets in the United  States began broadcasting digital television signals (Grant, Meadows 28). By early 2004, 1.5 million household were watching HDTV, and that number is going to rise sharply. This means clearer sound and displays, recordable content, and crisp, clear reception of the same channels that have always been around. What if new 16Ãâ€"9 television sets make news broadcasts look weird or maybe cartoons might not look good on a widescreen set? There is no telling where the television market will go, hopefully bigger and better; but will content become more subtle, or so radical that new laws must be made to subdue? â€Å"Radios.†Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. 1999. Encyclopedia Britannica. 13 February 2005 Grant, August and Jennifer Meadows. Communication Technology Update. Oxford: Focal Press, 2004. Naremore, James. The Man who caused the Mars Panic†. Humanities, Vol 24 (2003) 38-40 Simmons, Betty Jo, Stalsworth, Kelly, Wentzel, Heather. â€Å"Television Violence and Its Effects on Young Children.† Early Childhood Education journal Vol 26 (1999): 149-153 Wells, Alan. Mass Media and Society. Palo Alto, National Press Books. 1972

Password Protection Essay

Today, everyone is having online banking account and   e-mail account . Safety is an important aspect. If some intruder steal our password, then we have to pay high price for it. So protecting password is a significant factor for each and every one in this e-world. This speech provides mechanism to protect our online password. Choosing a Good Password Your password is what tells the computer that you are who you say you are. Until we can do retina scans like in James Bond movies, the password is the best that we can do. But, because your password is like a key to your account, you need to safeguard it. Anyone who has your password can get into your account, and your files. Anyone who can guess your password has it. Anyone who has your password can pose as you. Therefore, you may be held responsible for someone else’s actions, if they are able to get your password. You may not wish this to happen. Tips on safeguarding your password * First and foremost, NEVER give your password to anyone. â€Å"Anyone† means your coworkers, your spouse, your systems administrator. In the event of an emergency, the sysadmin can change your password. Your sytems administrator never has a need to know your personal password. If someone needs to get onto our machines, and has a reason to be here, do not give them access to your account. Speak to the systems staff about us setting up an account for them. We would be very happy to give them one. * Make your password something you can remember. Do not write it down. If you really, honestly forget your password, we can easily give you a new one. We’d rather set your password once a month because you forgot it than have someone find it written down and gain unauthorized access to your account. * Make your password difficult for others to guess. This is not as hard as it initially seems. See the section below on chosing a good password. * DO NOT Change your password because of mail from someone claiming to be your systems administrator, supposedly needing access to your files!! This is a popular scam in some circles. Remember, your systems administrator never needs your password for any reason. If someone needs to ask you to change your password so that they can gain entry to your account, they do not have reason to be there. We run sophisticated password crackers on the password files of our machines.

Formative assessment Essay

â€Å"We use the general term assessment to refer to all those activities undertaken by teachers — and by their students in assessing themselves — that provide information to be used as feedback to modify teaching and learning activities. Such assessment becomes formative assessment when the evidence is actually used to adapt the teaching to meet student needs†. Black, P. & Wiliam, D. The purpose of the educational process focus on students’ learning, and when students use what has been taught in real life situations, then it can be said that the students are learning and that the objective is being achieved. But, can a test determine this in a classroom? Can I state that my students are learning based on a multiple choice test at the end of a unit? The answers of these questions may vary according to the type of teaching method a person uses. If this person uses a traditional teaching method that only seeks learners’ knowledge accumulation, then he or she could say â€Å"yes†. However, as times have changed and the ways in which people conceive the educational process have changed too, I consider that it is necessary to restate the way in which students are assessed and focus more on students’ performance in order to promote learning and involve them in their own learning process through the use of formative assessment rather than traditional or summative assessment whose aim lies on testing knowledge. Therefore, if a student takes a test and when he receives his score in terms of numbers or letters and he sees a bad grade, it can give him a negative emotional impact that could discourage him from continuing learning, and the next time he takes a test he will do it just for the sake of getting a good score. So, How about learning? Did it happen? In this situation my answer is an absolutely no! For the reasons above, it is important to apply a different assessment with a formative function that according to Nicol and Macfarlane-Dick (2005) aids learning by generating feedback information that is of benefit to students and to teachers. Feedback on performance, in class or on assignments, facilitates students to restructure their understanding/skills and build more powerful ideas and capabilities. This kind of assessment is called Formative assessment. With this form of assessment, teachers concentrate more on the how students learn and what they need to learn. Therefore, in this sort of assessment it is not only fill in the gaps with the correct words or match the sentences with the correct answer and you will get 5 points or an excellent grade, but let’s do this project, let’s carry out this task, how will you solve this problem? What do you think about this? And some other activities in which students can learn by doing. But most important of all, is that students receive a positive feedback about what to improve and change, to have a better performance in the upcoming assignments. As Shepard, (2008) states, what makes formative assessment formative is that it is immediately used to make adjustments so as to form new learning† Through the use of formative assessment students understand their own learning and develop appropriate strategies for learning to learn, also they build skills for peer – and self-assessment, and they get actively involved in their own learning process rather than merely absorbing information as in a traditional or summative assessment. Taking everything into consideration, it is my opinion that teachers focus more on students’ performance through the use formative assessment, so learners can develop the patterns of thoughts they need to achieve and be aware of their learning goals, and as students move forward in their learning, they can use personal knowledge to construct meaning, have skills of self-monitoring to realize that they don’t understand something, and have ways of deciding what to do next. Earl, Lorna. (2003). REFERENCES Black, P. & Wiliam, D. (1998). Inside the Black Box: Raising standards through classroom assessment, King’s College, London. Earl, Lorna. (2003). Assessment As Learning: Using classroom assessment to maximize student learning. Experts in assessment series, Corwin Press Inc. , Thousand Oaks, California. Nicol, David; Macfarlane-Dick, Debra (2005). Rethinking Formative Assessment in HE: a theoretical model and seven principles of good feedback practice. Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education. Shepard, Lorrie A. 2005. The Future of Assessment: Shaping Teaching and Learning, New York.

Graphics Communications Industry Essay

Graphics Communications Industry, according to the College of Technology at the University of Houston, is defined as the processes and industries that create, develop, produce, and disseminate products utilizing or incorporating words or pictorial images to convey information, ideas, and feelings. Its products make possible learning, enjoyment, enthusiasm, and business. These products like books, magazine, maps, invitation, etc. are part of people’s daily life. Graphic Communications includes those market sectors that exploit the technologies of printing, publishing, packaging, electronic imaging, and other associated industries. They are often referred to as the graphic arts, print, or imaging industries. Graphic communication companies are entrepreneurial and innovative. Ideas are created on the computer and carried through different stages that can include the Internet as well as printed forms of several types and variations. Due to the emerging technological advances, companies in the business have expanded services such as creative design, e-commerce, web page design and hosting, mailing, fulfillment, and a multitude of services that provide parallel marketing beyond the major printing activity. (Education Summit for the Graphic Arts 1) The field of Graphic Communications is obviously a technology-based system. It includes the developing technologies of computer-age press, image generation, data repurposing, designing and posting internet web pages, interactive multimedia, digital photography, electronic digital imaging, and desktop publishing. Furthermore, it offers a lot of career opportunities. Thus, it contributes a lot to the economy. It needs millions of people in a range of challenging technical, creative, or professional activities. They vary from small companies with a few workers to large plants with several hundred people on multiple shifts. Almost all companies have acquired modern computerized equipment and stay updated with technology changes taking place in the industry. The top ten leading states in total number of graphic communication employees are California, Illinois, New York, Pennsylvania, Texas, Ohio, Wisconsin, Minnesota, New Jersey, and Michigan. (Education Summit for the Graphic Arts 1) REFERENCES: â€Å"Graphic Communications Industry. † (2006). College of Technology, University of Houston. 7 April 2009 †¹http://graphics. tech. uh. edu/industry/industry. php†º â€Å"The GraphicCommunication Industry: A Quick Overview. † (April, 2008). Education Summit for the Graphic Arts. 7 April 2009 †¹http://teched. vt. edu/gcc/HTML/CareerInfo/PDFs/GraphicCommunicationOverview. pdf†º

Driving change Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Driving change - Assignment Example Merchandise factors entails stocking the merchandise that appeals to retail shoppers and locating it in strategic areas for customer access. Effective merchandising has the potential of matching demand and supply, thus reducing unnecessary inventory, while ensuring that customers get the products they want when they need them (Krafft & Mantrala, 2010). Pricing is an important driver for change because it determines the revenue of a retail store, while influencing customers’ perceptions of quality. Wal-Mart has been on the forefront in implementing low-cost leadership strategy in its management and operations, with the goal of managing price for competitive advantage (Krafft & Mantrala, 2010). Supply chain management is another key driver for change in the retail industry because it has the potential of increasing customer value. Management of the supply chain system reduces inventory costs, while generating value for the retail customers, thus improving competitiveness of a st ore. Wal-Mart has been on the forefront in streamlining its supply chain thus enabling it to respond to customer demands in a timely manner. Finally, technology is another driver for change, where Wal-Mart has been on the forefront in implementing technologies such as radio frequency identification and CRM. The impact of these factors includes increased competition, shrinking market share and profit margins, and increased consolidation of retail stores (Krafft & Mantrala, 2010). To address these challenges, Wal-Mart has been selective in its growth strategies. However, there need for Wal-Mart to focus on retail innovation, creating centers for excellence and customer value and implementing cost control and management strategies. Wal-Mart may also focus on emerging markets such as China and India where consumers are prices

Integrity of high chromium steel dissimilar metal weld Literature review

Integrity of high chromium steel dissimilar metal weld - Literature review Example The austenitic stainless steels are definitely the commonly utilised material of all stainless steel categories. The commonly available austenitic family that is the 300 series comprises of the chrome- iron-nickel system. The austenitic stainless steels are comparably more resistant to corrosions since they have high weight percentage of the nickel and chromium content typically; that is 8-12% and 18-20% respectively. Additionally, they are non-hardenable via heat treatment and non-magnetic processes (Avazkonandeh-Gharavol, Haddad-Sabzevar and Haerian, 2008). However, the austenitic material can be hardened to some extent via cold working. The austenitic stainless steels are utilised extensively in the petrochemical, nuclear, and in the general corrosive chemical surroundings. The austenitic stainless steels are additionally classified by their carbon content as; the â€Å"L† grades or straight grades or the â€Å"H† grades. The straight grades consist of 0.03-0.08 % wt. Carbon; the L grades have less than 0.03% of Carbon; while the H grades consist of anywhere from about 0.04-0.10% weight of Carbon. The increased carbon content evident in the H grades leads to a more wear resistant and harder material. An increased carbon levels also assists the material in holding its strength at an elevated or high temperatures, thus frequently utilised in the high-temperature applications or projects. However, the increased carbon levels lead to problems that are directed to the Heat Affected Zone (HAZ) in the welds. The lower or reduced carbon compositions of the â€Å"L† grades were specifically meant for the improved weldability the material (Gandy, Shingledecker and Viswanathan, 2011). The high carbon grades are frequently utilised where wear resistant, harder, or the high-temperature applications are present. The low carbon stainless steels, for example, the 304L and 316L, are regularly utilised in applications that the intergranular

Principles and Practices of Effective Leadership - D1 Essay

Principles and Practices of Effective Leadership - D1 - Essay Example ing this factor, an understanding of the various leadership approaches which leaders could adopt to lead their company is extremely crucial for a successful leadership. Leadership approaches are directions which help leaders follow the required path and therefore successfully achieve the goals established by their organization. It is important for a leader going through a process of leadership development to understand these leadership styles and adopt the various characteristics and roles defined by these approaches in managing their company. Moreover, leadership styles like autocratic leadership, democratic leadership, laissez-faire and transformational leadership, each define a set of characteristics, traits, agendas and the relationship a leader adopting each of these styles have with his/her subordinates. This brings us to authentic leadership, which is highly dependent upon persuasion which is linked to building trust which brings in three elements required for authentic leadership establishment pertaining to the factor of building trust; establishment of a trusting environment, continuous facilitation and training by experts and awareness of the limits to train leaders according to their job requirements since pushing too hard may lead them to be distraught and stop learning, thus negatively impacting the organization in the long run. Lastly, to become an authentic and good leader, one must act proactively, must take up responsibility for his/her actions if consequences faced, show commitment to the work and be friendly with the workforce, take regular feedback from workforce and share your vision with them to make them feel important and highly value their opinions (Bernel,

Title Why is the idea that 'the personal is political' central to Essay

Title Why is the idea that 'the personal is political' central to Feminism - Essay Example In fact that women must be considered 'not men' and hence not deserving of the rights and the power of men is where the theories of gender actually begin. And this is a tendency across religion, class and nationality. What is shocking is the extent of this historical awareness across borders and races and cultures. From ancient European cultures to the new economies of the twenty-first century, the unilateral devotion of men to keep women disenfranchised is unique and at the same time appalling. There is no culture/country, except a few extant tribal communities where matriarchy prevails, that is not guilty of exploiting and suppressing the other ( an inevitably female) gender. It can be safely concluded that across historical time and geographical borders if there is one thing that has bound cultures and tradition it is the way all of them have been found wanting in their treatment of women. "The term 'feminism' has many different uses and its meanings are often contested. For example, some writers use the term 'feminism' to refer to a historically specific political movement in the US and Europe; other writers use it to refer to the belief that there are injustices against women, though there is no consensus on the exact list of these injustices. Although the term "feminism" has a history in English linked with women's activism from the late 19th century to the present, it is useful to distinguish feminist ideas or beliefs from feminist political movements, for even in periods where there has been no significant political activism around women's subordination, individuals have been concerned with and theorized about justice for women. So, for example, it makes sense to ask whether Plato was a feminist, given his view that women should be trained to rule (Republic, Book V), even though he was an exception in his historical context.1 So in that sense the rise of feminism as an organized movement is only in keeping with the historical materialism of a gendered world. In other words, Feminism was an historical inevitability. What modern feminism has actually done is to trace the theories of gender, back to their origins, put them into context and understand the larger design that has helped disseminate the theory of the women as inferior. This design is called patriarchy which, to put it very simply, means a prevalent worldview that unquestioningly puts man at a superior potion vis--vis women. Its so prevalent that is was almost considered natural and hence in some conservative schools of thought, with divine sanction. What feminism has successfully