Licensed Drinking Is Wrong Choice :: Argumentative Persuasive Papers

Licensed Drinking Is Wrong ChoiceOn October 27, 2004, I will finally cross the bridge from my teenage years to adulthood. Along with the jubilance of my 21st birthday, new rights, and responsibilities will shape my life. One of the biggest milestones in young adulthood is the freedom to purchase, and drink alcoholic drink. There are few rules attached to this freedom, only for drinking and driving, which is of course illegal. With new drinking privileges comes an implication that I must take on personal responsibility for how much alcohol I chose to liquidate at any given period. Everyone over the age of 21 has the right to chose when, and how much they drink. This age restriction is a preventative measure intended to precipitate underage drinking due to poor decision making, or irresponsible behaviors. Although these laws are established, they dont stop underage drinking or the education of alcoholism. It is evident that the current laws arent working, because every weeke nd I hear of several underage drinkers getting ticketed. Because MIP (minor in possession of alcohol), tickets are so bighearted show that underage drinkers dont pay attention to the laws. The age restriction isnt anything, and everyone knows the law. However, there will always be those who simply do what they please regardless of the consequences, and those who wish to drink will do so at any cost. halts License ProposalIn the essay, compulsory a license to drink, Mike Brake argues the freedom to drink should be regulated by a license. Much of Brakes argument stems from his experiences some(prenominal) professionally and personally. He spent two years as a counselor in a chemical-dependency treatment center, and lost four family members in alcohol-related-deaths. Brake reminds the reader that alcohol is the root of many evils in this world divorce, child and spousal abuse, suicide, homicide, assault, and other crimes. There is also numerous health problems related to the uptake of alcohol failure of the liver, kidneys, heart, pancreas, and central nervous system (Brake, 1998, p. 135). Because of those statistics, Blake feels a license to drink would be the solution.Brakes major claim is geared towards alcohol offenders, A national system of licensing with appropriate penalties will do more. In other words, he believes a license would more effectively confront the alcoholics or problem drinkers. A license for alcohol will go hand in hand with the right to hunt, fish, and drive.

New beetle Essay -- essays research papers

Case9 New BeetleEXTERNAL ANALYSIS1.Market definitionNew beetle is competing in the undersize size car industry in the US market.2.Market sizeIn US market, the total of small car sales in 2,217,813 units, which is equivalent weight to 32 million dollar.Market size in dollar term = 2,217,813 * ($11,035 to $18,000) = $ 32 millionIn 1998, New beetle sales is 137,885 units, which is 6 portion of the market.Market share in 1998 = 137,885 = 6 percent.2,217,8133.Market growthThe industry is considered to be in the position between the growth and maturity stage. Considering the innovation and dogging car developments are still taking place, there are still good signs for the growing factors. Moreover, the industry is less attractive to enter at the indorsement because of the already established industry. The car manufacturer is approaching the maturity stage of the industrial life cycle. However, based on the small car sales in 1996 (2,322,021 units) and 1997 (2,217,812 units), the mark et is declining by 4 percent. Market growth = 2,217,812 - 2,322,021 = - 4 percent2,322,0214.Key TrendsSocio-cultural American consumers have ever-changing demands attitude and there is a line of aging population. The baby boomers customer has a change preferences as they are changing preferences to larger cars-sedans, SUVs and pick-ups.Economic During the 1970s, the appreciation of the Deutsche Mark against the dollar threatened to legal injury VWs cars most of which were low or mid range models out of the market. The 1982 recession, drop in oil prices, and the declining popularity of hatchbacks contributed to the declining sales. Technology In this industry, it is important to always salve up with technology in order to satisfy customers demands. Volkswagen offered the benefits of German engineered cars, which are perceived as high quality cars. For instance, with the New Beetle, VW is belongings themselves up to date with todays car industry standards. Po... ...ncrease Reve nue543Maintain the affordability concept252Increase number of customers445TOTAL151412The strategy selected for New Beetle is to focus on the handle Boomers market.8.SELECTED STRATEGY AND JUSTIFICATIONNew Beetle is a differentiated product that should target a focus segment that is the Baby Boomers. In terms of promotion, the advertisements would be mainly using the print media with high level of frequency to achieve the ads effectiveness. Since the main target market is Baby Boomers, Volkswagen can charge premium determine in order to increase the revenue. The other competitors in the small car market may try to seduce the potential to buy their products instead, due to the pooh-pooh price offered, dealers special deals and possibility of design duplication by the competitors.

Religion Causes War Essay -- Argumentative, Persuasive Essays

Religion has played a major role in the lives of most cultures whether it is Christian, Islamic, Judaism, or another religious faith, but has it been the star cause of war throughout history? God refers to sin as being the force that drives the world it provokes conduct involving ones flesh and mind. Richard Dawkins an evolutionist, and agnostic, states that holiness causes wars by generating certainty (Thacker). When he implies certainty in his quote, does he mean that this is a fact he is certain of, or can he set aside proper evidence? War and conflict is a characteristic nature of man it was around before religion ever existed and mevery other factors argon the cause of war such as, ethnicity, culture, ideologues, race, class, gender, power, greed, selfishness, revenge, genocide, immigration, g everyplacenment decisions, and SIN these are just a few. Bible scriptures say, war is the cause of sin in the world not god (King James Version, Matt. 15.19). Therefore, the aim is to prove that religion is more of an excuse for war. Then refute that selfishness, greed, and sin caused by human-violence are the primary causes of war.In any culture, war has always been a factor whether it is due to religion, communism, nationalism, militarism, or just down right greed. It is a way for one to have control over something that does not belong to them. Recently there has been an argument circulating around anti-religious beliefs that religion has been the cause of more wars and conflicts than any other factor (Pimentel). This theory is ostensibly inaccurate and shows no relevance of any proper research done. Religion is based on ones faith. Faith can be distort into fanaticism, which is bad no matter what form it comes in. It can motivate a ... ...e Christian Science Board of Directors, 1910. 426. Print.Edwards, Will. Does Religion Cause War? Weblog post. Personal schooling Resources. The Inspiration Blog, 24 Jan. 2011. Web. 26 Apr. 2012. .Is Religion the Cause o f Most Wars? Bible Questions Answered. Got Questions Ministries, 2002-2012. Web. 26 Apr. 2012. .Pimentel, Rick. Is Religion to Blame? Part 2. Philosophy News. Philosophy News, 20 Feb. 2011. Web. 26 Apr. 2012. . Thacker, Justin. Does religion cause war? UCCF The Christian Unions, Registered Charity number 306137, 9 January 2009. Web. 15 April 2012. The Holy Bible, King James Version. Black Heritage ed. Nashville Today, 1976. Print.

I Am Joaquin Vs. The First Seven Years :: essays research papers

Sometimes many akinities can be found between cardinal completely diverse plant life of literature. The poem &8220I am Joaquin and the short story &8220The source Seven Years at the alike(p) time exhibit some(prenominal)(prenominal) contrasting positions and similar ideals. crimson though &8220I am Joaquin is told from Mexican-American perspective while &8220The First Seven Years is told from Jewish-American perspective, similarities are found in some(prenominal). They tell of the American fancy and of the two mentioned families&8217 roles and influences as a means of attaining that dream. The roles of the families in these marchs and each version of the American Dream are based on the same ideals, but involve different methods.&8220The First Seven Years and &8220I am Joaquin express the same versions of the American Dream in terms of what is wanted. The idea of both works is a split up life for the future generations of the families. Both selections also make it clear that the people involved desire a relief of what has been through with(p) for many years. &8220I am Joaquin tells of a work with &8220no end. The people want an end to this tiring work they have done for years with no reward. Feld from &8220The First Seven Years wants his little girl to marry someonewho volition make the shoemaker&8217s next generation one that is not making shoes. Feld thinks that if his fille marries a shoemaker, his dream will be ruined because she will not have a better life than her mother did. Therefore, what is wanted in both selections is not only a better life, but a new life as well.Both works present different ways of realizing their similar versions of the American Dream. In &8220The First Seven Years Feld makes it clear that education is the key to a better life rather than the hard labor he has deceased through for many years. In the beginning of the story he wants his own daughter to go on to college because she shows promise. However she does no t want to go. Defeated by his daughter&8217s square will he then wishes to &8220let her marry an educated man and live a better life. Conversely, in &8220I am Joaquin, hard work was thought to be the way to a successful life. The family has lived a life of hardships &8220and work and work to which &8220there is no end. Although unsuccessful in their attempts, this was the idea of how the American Dream was to be realized.I Am Joaquin Vs. The First Seven Years essays research papers Sometimes many similarities can be found between two completely different works of literature. The poem &8220I am Joaquin and the short story &8220The First Seven Years at the same time exhibit both contrasting positions and similar ideals. Even though &8220I am Joaquin is told from Mexican-American perspective while &8220The First Seven Years is told from Jewish-American perspective, similarities are found in both. They tell of the American Dream and of the two mentioned families&8217 roles and influ ences as a means of attaining that dream. The roles of the families in these works and each version of the American Dream are based on the same ideals, but involve different methods.&8220The First Seven Years and &8220I am Joaquin express the same versions of the American Dream in terms of what is wanted. The idea of both works is a better life for the future generations of the families. Both selections also make it clear that the people involved desire a relief of what has been done for many years. &8220I am Joaquin tells of a work with &8220no end. The people want an end to this tiring work they have done for years with no reward. Feld from &8220The First Seven Years wants his daughter to marry someonewho will make the shoemaker&8217s next generation one that is not making shoes. Feld thinks that if his daughter marries a shoemaker, his dream will be ruined because she will not have a better life than her mother did. Therefore, what is wanted in both selections is not only a bette r life, but a new life as well.Both works present different ways of realizing their similar versions of the American Dream. In &8220The First Seven Years Feld makes it clear that education is the key to a better life rather than the hard labor he has gone through for many years. In the beginning of the story he wants his own daughter to go on to college because she shows promise. However she does not want to go. Defeated by his daughter&8217s strong will he then wishes to &8220let her marry an educated man and live a better life. Conversely, in &8220I am Joaquin, hard work was thought to be the way to a successful life. The family has lived a life of hardships &8220and work and work to which &8220there is no end. Although unsuccessful in their attempts, this was the idea of how the American Dream was to be realized.

Surfing, Duke Energy, and the Coastal Alliance :: Personal Narrative Environment Essays

Surfing, Duke Energy, and the Coastal Alliance On my way out to the beach I still had no idea what I was sack to do for my fifth essay. As my croping buddy and I exited the freeway and entered the town of Morro Bay I saw three giant appear gauge stacks surfacing over the top of the hill. As we got closer to the beach the three smoke stacks gave way to a massive advocate plant that was a mere fifty feet from the waters edge. It was surrounded by a fifteen foot cement wall and cameras everywhere. I mind what a perfect topic for my paper. As we parked and started to suit up I noticed there was an abundance of strange looking birds all most us. My friend explained to me that the whole area is an estuary preserve that protects endangered bird species. With the towering Morro Rock looming overhead we began to wade into the surf. After I made it out ago the break I turned around and saw a giant sign against the harbor wall that said Welcome to Morro Bay with the towering smoke stacks grasping hold of the tiny harbor like three long fingers. By the time we were done surfing I was determined to interrogation this area further. Not just for this paper, but the fact that there was no way that the power plant is helping the estuary or the ocean. After having the opportunity to surf Morro Bay, I felt it my responsibility to protect these waters so that future generations might enjoy it. It turns out that there is a huge controversy leaving on because Duke Energy is attempting to get a permit to remodel the entire power plant. The official Duke Energy website starts off by saying that remodeling projects are going to begin shortly. I noticed that the plant was nearly fifty years old so it seemed logical that the plant needs renovation, but I was not convinced so I read on. Already treading on thin ice the writer tried to insert a little blurb about seawater intake at the end of the paragraph.

Surfing, Duke Energy, and the Coastal Alliance :: Personal Narrative Environment Essays

Surfing, Duke Energy, and the Coastal Alliance On my way out to the beach I still had no idea what I was press release to do for my fifth essay. As my surfing buddy and I exited the freeway and entered the town of Morro Bay I saw three giant gleaming have scads surfacing over the top of the hill. As we got closer to the beach the three smoke stacks gave way to a massive power mark that was a mere fifty feet from the waters edge. It was surrounded by a fifteen foot cement wall and cameras everywhere. I thought what a perfect topic for my paper. As we parked and started to suit up I noticed there was an abundance of strange looking birds all around us. My hero explained to me that the whole playing area is an estuary preserve that protects endangered bird species. With the towering Morro Rock looming overhead we began to wade into the surf. After I made it out past the explode I turned around and saw a giant sign against the harbor wall that said Welcome to Morro Bay with the towering smoke stacks grasping hold of the tiny harbor like three long fingers. By the time we were done surfing I was determined to research this area further. Not just for this paper, but the fact that there was no way that the power plant is helping the estuary or the ocean. After having the opportunity to surf Morro Bay, I felt it my responsibility to protect these waters so that future generations might enjoy it. It turns out that there is a huge controversy going on because Duke Energy is attempting to get a permit to remodel the entire power plant. The official Duke Energy website starts off by saying that remodeling projects are going to go shortly. I noticed that the plant was nearly fifty years old so it seemed logical that the plant needs renovation, but I was not persuade so I read on. Already treading on thin ice the writer tried to insert a little blurb about seawater intake at the end of the paragraph.

Why Coal Is Not Bad

Coal was mined in this country before it was even a country. The low thirteen states appeared on a United States flag after coal mines appeared on our maps. Coal has helped power America for nearly 300 years and has been an inborn part of the U. S economy since the turn of the century. It was the first fossil provide used extensively by humans, and is still vitally master(prenominal) today, generating 39 pct of the worlds electricity, and 49 percent of U. S. electricity.Coal power, an established electricity source that provides a vast quantity of inexpensive, reliable power has become more important as the world is becoming more advanced. Modern life is unimaginable without electricity. It lights houses, buildings, streets, provides domestic and industrial heat, and powers most equipment used in homes, offices and machinery in factories. As you screw tell, coal plays a vital role in electricity generation worldwide. Coal is a quick an easy thing to produce, transport and gener ate. With coal mines located in almost 70 different countries, it is not a problem for the supply and demand.Also, coal supplies in the United States are far more fertile than domestic oil or natural gas they account for 95 percent of the countrys fossil fuel reserves and more than 60 percent of the worlds fuel reserves. Not only that, but the United States has about 275 billion tons of recoverable coal, which could last us more than 250 years if we continue using coal at the same rate as we use it today. So here is the question. Why would you want to get rid of coal fired power plants that break dance people jobs, is easy to mine and is plentiful and inexpensive for the alternative which is inconsistent and costly?

The Origins and Development Book

THE ORIGINS AND outgrowth OF THE ENGLISH lyric This page intentionally left wing blank THE ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE ENGLISH dustup S I X T H E D I T I O N crapper Algeo Based on the original work of Thomas Pyles Australia Brazil Japan Korea Mexico Singapore Spain United Kingdom United Steats The Origins and growth of the face intercommunicate communication integrity-sixth Edition John Algeo Publisher Michael Rosenberg Development Editor Joan Flaherty Assistant Editor Megan Garvey Editorial Assistant Rebekah MatthewsSenior Media Editor Cara Douglass-Graff Marketing passenger car Christina Shea Marketing Communications Manager Beth Rodio Content Project Manager Corinna Dibble Senior Art Director Cate Rickard Barr Production Technology Analyst Jamie MacLachlan Senior Print Buyer Betsy Donaghey Rights Acquisitions Manager textbook Tim Sisler Production Service Pre-Press PMG Rights Acquisitions Manager Image Mandy Groszko Cover Designer Susan Shapiro Cover Image Kobal Collection Art Archive collection Dagli Orti Prayer with illuminated border, from c. 1480 Flemish manuscriptBook of Hours of Philippe de Conrault, The Art Archive/ Bodleian Library Oxford Compositor Pre-Press PMG 2010, 2005 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or enforced in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including just non limited to photocopying, recording, s stopning, digitizing, taping, Web distri plainlyion, info networks, or randomness storage and retrieval organisations, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of the publisher. For product information and technology assistance, contact us at Cengage Learning Academic Resource Center, 1-800-423-0563 For permission to use material from this text or product, submit all requests online at www. cengage. c om/permissions. and permissions questions cigargontte be e-mailed to emailprotected com Library of Congress Control Number 2008930433 ISBN-13 978-1-4282-3145-0 ISBN-10 1-4282-3145-5 Wadsworth 20 Channel Center Street Boston, MA 02210USA Cengage Learning products ar stand for in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd. For your course and examineing solutions, visit www. cengage. com. Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred online store www. ichapters. com. Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 13 12 11 10 09 Preface The Origins and Development of the incline talk talking to, Sixth Edition, continues to concentre on the facts of terminology rather than on any of the various modern-day theoretical approaches to the study of those facts.The stateation is that of fairly traditional grammar and philology, so as non to require students to master a new theoretical approach at the same time they ar exploring the intricacies of w atch expressioning history. The focus of the book is on the internal history of the English phrase its plainspokenizes, grammar, and word stock. That linguistic history is, however, set against the social and cultural background of the changing times. The prototypical-year three chapters be introductory, treating talking to in general as well as the pronunciation and orthography of arrange-day English.The succeeding central six chapters argon the heart of the book, tracing the history of the language from prehistoric Indo-Germanic days through Old English, nerve English, and archaeozoic upstart English up to the present time. The final three chapters skunk with vocabularythe meaning, making, and borrowing of wrangling. This sixth edition of a book Thomas Pyles wrote some forty-five eld ago uphold the outline, emphasis, and aims of the original, as all earlier editions stick. The entire book has, however, been revised for helpfulness to students and ease of bringi ng.The major(ip) improvements of the fifth edition wear been retained. A large yield of fresh switch overs fork up too been made, e fussyly to make the presentation easier to follow. The historical information has been updated in response to evolving scholar embark, new examples have been added (although effective older angiotensin converting enzymes have been kept), the bibliography has been revised (including some new electronic resources in step-up to print media), and the glossary has been revised for clarity and accuracy. The prose style throughout has been made more contemporary and accessible.The author hopes that a honorable deal(prenominal) changes will help to make the book more useful for students and instructors alike. v All of the debts acknowledged in earlier editions ar serene gratefully acknowledged for this matchless. This edition has especially benefited from the critiques of the following re rafters, whose very helpful suggestions have been followed w herever feasible. James E. Doan, Nova Southeastern University Mark Alan Vinson, Crichton College Jay Ruud, University of commutation Arkansas Elena Tapia, eastern Connecticut State University J. Mark Baggett, Samford UniversityMy former doctoral student and now an admired t each(prenominal)er and Scholar-in-Residence at Shorter College, Carmen Acevedo exceptcher, made a major contri bution by suggesting improvements in the style and accuracy of the work, by providing new references for the bibliography (including electronic sources), and by reviewing the entire manuscript. My wife, Adele S. Algeo, who works with me on everything I do, has assisted at every look of the revision. Her editorial eye is nonpargonil, and her support makes all work possibleand a pleasure. John Algeo vi PREFACE Contents PREFACE v chapter 1 language and the English LanguageAn Introduction 1 A Definition of Language 2 Language as System 2 Grammatical Signals 3 Language as Signs 5 Language as Vocal 6 pate rnity and pitch 6 Gestures and Speech 8 Language as Conventional 8 Language metamorphose 10 The Notion of Linguistic Corruption 10 Language transformation 11 Correctness and Acceptability 12 Language as Human 13 Theories of the Origin of Language 13 Innate Language Ability 14 Do Birds and Beasts Really peach? 14 Language as Communication 15 Other Characteristics of Language 16 Why Study the History of English? 17 For Further narration 18 vii chapter 2 The effectives of Current English 20 The Organs of Speech 20 concurring(a)s of Current English 21 Vowels of Current English 25 Vowels onward r 28 Stress 28 Unstressed Vowels 29 Kinds of Sound Change 29 Assimilation Sounds Become More Alike 29 Dissimilation Sounds Become Less Alike 30 Elision Sounds Are Omitted 30 Intrusion Sounds Are Added 31 Metathesis Sounds Are Reordered 31 Causes of Sound Change 31 The Phoneme 32 Differing Transcriptions 33 For Further Reading 34 chapter 3 Letters and Sounds A Brief History of report 35 Ide ographic and Syllabic Writing 35 From Semitic Writing to the Greek Alphabet 36 The Greek Vowel and Consonant Symbols 36 The Romans Adopt the Greek Alphabet 37Later Developments of the Roman and Greek Alphabets 38 The Use of Digraphs 39 Additional Symbols 39 The History of English Writing 40 The Germanic Runes 40 The Anglo-Saxon Roman Alphabet 40 The Spelling of English Consonant Sounds 41 Stops 42 Fricatives 42 Affricates 43 Nasals 43 Liquids 43 Semi vowels 43 The Spelling of English Vowel Sounds 43 Front Vowels 43 Central Vowel 44 Back Vowels 44 Diphthongs 45 Vowels plus r 45 viii confine Unstressed Vowels 45 Spelling Pronunciations and Pronunciation Spellings 46 Writing and History 47 For Further Reading 48 chapter 4 The Backgrounds of English 49 Indo-Germanic Origins 50Indo-European Culture 50 The Indo-European Homeland 50 How Indo-European Was Discovered 51 Language Typology and Language Families 52 Non-Indo-European Languages 53 Main Divisions of the Indo-European Group 55 In do-Iranian 55 Armenian and Albanian 58 Tocharian 58 Anatolian 59 Balto-Slavic 59 Hellenic 60 Italic 60 Celtic 61 Germanic 62 Cognate spoken communication in the Indo-European Languages 63 Inflection in the Indo-European Languages 64 around Verb Inflections 65 around Noun Inflections 66 Word Order in the Indo-European Languages 67 Major Changes From Indo-European to Germanic 69 First Sound slip-up 71 Grimms Law 71 Verners Law 73The Sequence of the First Sound turn 74 West Germanic Languages 74 For Further Reading 76 chapter 5 The Old English full point (4491100) 78 some(prenominal) Key Events in the Old English Period 78 History of the Anglo-Saxons 79 Britain before the English 79 The Coming of the English 79 The English in Britain 81 table of contents ix The First Viking Conquest 82 The Second Viking Conquest 83 The Scandinavians Become English 84 The Golden Age of Old English 84 Dialects of Old English 85 Pronunciation and Spelling 86 Vowels 86 Consonants 87 Handwriting 89 S tress 90 Vocabulary 90 The Germanic Word Stock 90 G devastationer in Old English 91Grammar, Concord, and Inflection 92 Inflection 92 Nouns 93 i-Umlaut 95 advanced(a) Survivals of Case and Number 96 Modifiers 96 Demonstratives 96 Adjectives 97 Adverbs 98 Pronouns 99 private Pronouns 99 Interrogative and Relative Pronouns 100 Verbs 101 declarative mood Forms of Verbs 102 Subjunctive and Imperative Forms 102 Nonfinite Forms 102 Weak Verbs 103 salutary Verbs 103 Preterit-Present Verbs 104 Suppletive Verbs 105 Syntax 105 Old English Illustrated 108 For Further Reading 111 chapter 6 The Middle English Period (11001500) 112 Some Key Events in the Middle English Period 112 The Background of the Norman Conquest 113The Reascendancy of English 114 Foreign Influences on Vocabulary 115 Middle English Spelling 116 x CONTENTS Consonants 116 Vowels 118 The Rise of a London Standard 119 Changes in Pronunciation 122 Principal Consonant Changes 122 Middle English Vowels 123 Changes in Diphthongs 1 24 Lengthening and Shortening of Vowels 126 Leveling of Unstressed Vowels 127 Loss of Schwa in Final Syllables 127 Changes in Grammar 128 Reduction of Inflections 128 Loss of Grammatical Gender 129 Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives 129 The Inflection of Nouns 129 Personal Pronouns 130 Demonstrative Pronouns 132 Interrogative and Relative Pronouns 133Comparative and Superlative Adjectives 133 Verbs 133 Personal Endings 134 Participles 135 Word Order 135 Middle English Illustrated 136 For Further Reading 138 chapter 7 The Early Modern English Period (15001800) Society, Spellings, and Sounds 139 Some Key Events in the Early Modern Period 139 The Transition from Middle to Modern English one hundred forty Expansion of the English Vocabulary 140 Innovation of Pronunciation and Conservation of Spelling 141 The Orthography of Early Modern English 141 The Great Vowel Shift 144 Other Vowels 147 Stressed Short Vowels 147 Diphthongs 148 Quantitative Vowel Changes 149Early Modern English Consonant s 149 Evidence for Early Modern Pronunciation 151 Stress 151 Scholarly Studies 151 CONTENTS xi Early Modern English Illustrated 152 Spelling 152 Pronunciation 153 For Further Reading 155 chapter 8 The Early Modern English Period (15001800) Forms, Syntax, and work 156 The Study of Language 157 Early Dictionaries 157 Eighteenth-Century Attitudes toward Grammar and Usage 158 Nouns 160 Irregular Plurals 161 His-Genitive 161 Group Genitive 162 Uninflected Genitive 163 Adjectives and Adverbs 163 Pronouns 164 Personal Pronouns 164 Relative and Interrogative Pronouns 168Case Forms of the Pronouns 169 Verbs 170 Classes of Strong Verbs 170 Endings for Person and Number 176 Contracted Forms 177 Expanded Verb Forms 178 Other Verbal Constructions 179 Prepositions 179 Early Modern English Further Illustrated 180 chapter 9 Late Modern English (1800Present) 181 Some Key Events in the Late Modern Period 181 The subject argona Varieties of English 182 Conservatism and Innovation in American Englis h 183 National Differences in Word Choice 185 American Infiltration of the British Word Stock 186 Syntactical and Morpho logical Differences 187 British and American Purism 188 Dictionaries and the Facts 189National Differences in Pronunciation xcl British and American Spelling 193 Variation deep down National Varieties 194 xii CONTENTS Kinds of Variation 194 Regional Dialects 195 Ethnic and amicable Dialects 196 Stylistic Variation 198 Variation within British English 198 World English 199 Irish English 199 Indian English 201 The Essential nonp beilness of All English 202 For Further Reading 202 chapter 10 Words and Meanings 206 semantics and Change of Meaning 207 Variable and Vague Meanings 208 Etymology and Meaning 208 How Meaning Changes 209 Generalization and Specialization 210 Transfer of Meaning 211 Association of Ideas 212Transfer from Other Languages 212 Sound Associations 213 Pejoration and Amelioration 213 Taboo and Euphemism 214 The Fate of Intensifying Words 217 Some Circumstances of Semantic Change 218 Vogue for Words of Learned Origin 219 Language and Semantic Marking 220 Semantic Change is Inevitable 222 For Further Reading 223 chapter 11 New Words from Old 224 Creating Words 224 Root Creations 224 Echoic Words 225 Ejaculations 225 have Words Compounding 227 Spelling and Pronunciation of Compounds 227 Amalgamated Compounds 229 Function and Form of Compounds 230 Combining Word Parts Affixing 230 Affixes from Old English 230Affixes from Other Languages 232 CONTENTS bakers dozen Voguish Affixes 233 Shortening Words 235 Clipped Forms 235 Initialisms Alphabetisms and Acronyms 236 Apheretic and Aphetic Forms 237 Back-Formations 238 Blending Words 239 New Morphemes from Blending 239 Folk Etymology 241 Shifting Words to New Uses 242 One Part of Speech to Another 242 Common Words from Proper Names 243 Sources of New Words 245 Distribution of New Words 245 For Further Reading 246 chapter 12 Foreign Elements in the English Word Stock 247 Popular and Learned Loan nomenclature 248 Latin and Greek Loan language 248 Latin Influence in the Germanic Period 248Latin Words in Old English 249 Latin Words Borrowed in Middle English generation 250 Latin Words Borrowed in Modern English Times 251 Greek Loanwords 251 Celtic Loanwords 252 Scandinavian Loanwords 253 Old and Middle English Borrowings 253 Modern English Borrowings 254 French Loanwords 254 Middle English Borrowings 254 Later French Loanwords 256 Spanish and Portuguese Loanwords 258 Italian Loanwords 259 Germanic Loanwords 260 Loanwords from Low German 260 Loanwords from High German 261 Loanwords from the East 262 Near East 262 Iran and India 263 Far East and Australasia 264 Other Sources 265 Loanwords from African Languages 265Slavic, Hungarian, Turkish, and American Indian 266 xiv CONTENTS The Sources of Recent Loanwords 266 English Remains English 267 For Further Reading 268 Selected Bibliography 269 Glossary 281 Index of Modern English Words and Affixes 301 Index of Persons, Places, and Topics 329 CONTENTS xv This page intentionally left blank CHAPTER Language and the 1 English Language An Introduction The English language has had a remarkable history. When we first catch sight of it in historical records, it is the vernacular of some none-too-civilized tribes on the continent of Europe along the North Sea.Of course, it had a still earlier history, spill back perhaps to somewhere in eastern Europe or western Asia, and long before that to origins we can exclusively speculate close to. From those murky and insignificant beginnings, English has become the or so widespread language in the world, used by more sights for more purposes than any other language on Earth. How the English language changed from being the speech of a few miniscule tribes to becoming the major language of the Earthand in the process itself changed radically is the subject of this book.Whatever language we speakEnglish, Chinese, Hindi, Swahili, or Arapaho helps to define us personally and identify the community we belong to. But the fact that we can talk at all, the fact that we have a language, is inextricably bound up with our homosexuality. To be human is to use language, and to talk is to be a person. As the biologist and author Lewis Thomas wrote The talent of language is the single human trait that marks us all genetically, setting us apart from the rest of life. Language is, like nest-building or hive-making, the global and biologically specific activity of human beings.We engage in it communally, compulsively, and automatically. We cannot be human without it if we were to be separated from it our mentalitys would die, as surely as bees lost from the hive. (Lives of a Cell 89) The language gift that is innate in us is not English or indeed any specific language. It is instead the ability to learn and to use a human language. When we say, Bread is the staff of life, we do not mean any particular kind of bread whole wheat, rye, pumpernickel, Fr ench, matzo, pita, or some(prenominal) sort. We atomic itemise 18 talking instead about the kind of thing bread is, what all bread has in common.So alike, when we say that language is the basis of our humanity, we do not mean any particular languageEnglish, Spanish, Japanese, Tagalog, Hopi, or ASL (American Sign Language of the deaf). Rather we mean the ability to learn and 1 use any much(prenominal)(prenominal) particular language system, an ability that all human beings naturally have. This ability is language in the abstract, as distinct from any individual language system. A DEFINITION OF LANGUAGE A language is a system of conventional vocal signs by means of which human beings communicate. This definition has some(prenominal) important footing, each of which is examined in some detail in the following sections.Those terms are system, signs, vocal, conventional, human, and communicate. LANGUAGE AS SYSTEM Perhaps the most important word in the definition of language is s ystem. We speak in patterns. A language is not just a collection of words, much(prenominal) as we find in a dictionary. It is also the rules or patterns that relate our words to one another(prenominal). Every language has two levels to its systema feature article that is called duality of patterning. One of these levels consists of pregnant unitsfor example, the words and word split such as Adam, like, -d, apple, and -s in the sentence Adam liked apples. The other level consists of units that have no meaning in themselves, although they dish up as components of the meaningful unitsfor example, the sounds instituteed by the letters a, d, and m in the word Adam. The distinction in the midst of a meaningful word (Adam) and its meaning slight parts (a, d, and m) is important. Without that distinction, language as we know it would be impossible. If every meaning had to be represented by a unique, unanalyzable sound, only a few such meanings could be expressed. We have only about 35 basic sounds in English we have hundreds of thousands of words.Duality of patterning lets us build an immensely large number of meaningful words out of only a handful of meaning little sounds. It is perhaps the chief characteristic that distinguishes true human language from the simpler communication systems of all anthropoid faunas. The meaningless components of a language are its sound system, or phonology. The meaningful units are its lexis, or vocabulary, and its grammatical system, or morphosyntax. All have patterning. Thus, according to the sound system of Modern English, the consonant combination mb never go ons at the beginning or at the end of any word.As a matter of fact, it did get along in final position in earlier forms of our language, which is why it was necessary in the preceding statement to specify Modern English. Despite the complete absence seizure of the sounds mb at the ends of English words for at least 600 years, we still insist on writingsuch is th e conservatism of writing habitsthe b in lamb, climb, tomb, dumb, and a number of other words. But this same combination, which now occurs only medially in English (as in tremble), may well occur in the end or even initially in other languages.Initial mb is indeed a part of the systems of certain African languages, as in Efik and Ibibio mbakara white man, which became buckra in the speech of the Gullahsblack Americans living along the coastal region of Georgia and South Carolina who have preserved a number of words and structural features that their ancestors brought from Africa. It is illustrious that the Gullahs simplified the initial 2 chapter 1 consonant combination of this African word to conform to the pattern of English speech. The lexis or vocabulary of a language is its least systematic aspect.Grammar is sometimes defined as everything in a language that can be stated in general rules, and lexis as everything that is unpredictable. But that is not instead true. Certain c ombinations of words, called collocations, are more or less predictable. Mild and gentle are words of very similar meaning, but they go with different nouns mild weather and gentle breeze are somewhat more likely than the opposite combinations (mild breeze and gentle weather). A case of the flu may be severe or mild a sentiment is likely to be severe or lenient.A mild judgment would be a bit odd, and a lenient case of the flu sounds like a joke. Some collocations are so regular that they are comfortably predictable. In the following sentence, one word is more probable than any other in the blank In its narrow cage, the lion paced back and . Although some(prenominal) words are possible in the blank (for example, forward or even ahead), forth is the most likely. Some combinations are completely predictable They ran fro. Fro is typical in present-day English only in the expression to and fro. The tendency of certain words to collocate or go together is an sheath of system in th e vocabulary.In the grammatical system of English, a very large number of words take a suffix written as -s to indicate masses or possession. In the latter case, it is a comparatively recent convention of writing to add an apostrophe. Words that can be thus modified are nouns. They fit into certain patterns in English utterances. Alcoholic, for instance, fits into the system of English in the same way as duck, dog, and horse Alcoholics need understanding (compare Ducks need piddle), An alcoholics perceptions are faulty (compare A dogs perceptions are keen), and the like.But that word can also modify a noun and be modified by an adverb an alcoholic drink, somewhat alcoholic, and the like and words that operate in the latter way are called adjectivals. Alcoholic is thus either an adjective or a noun, depending on the way it intents in the system of English. The utterance Alcoholic worries is ambiguous because our system, like all linguistic systems, is not completely foolproof. It talent be either a noun followed by a verb (in a newspaper headline) or an adjective followed by a noun.To know which interpretation is correct, we need a context for the expression. That is, we need to relate it to a larger structure. Grammatical Signals The grammatical system of any language has various techniques for relating words to one another within the structure of a sentence. The following kinds of signals are especially important. Parts of speech are grammatical categories into which we can classify words. The four major ones are noun, verb, adjective, and adverb. Some words elong primarily or solely to one part of speech child is a noun, seek is a verb, tall is an adjective, and rapidly is an adverb. Other words can function as more than one part of speech in various meanings, last can be any of the four major parts. English speakers move words about middling freely from one part of speech to another, as when we call a book that is enjoyable to read a good read, langu age and the side language 3 making a noun out of a verb. Part of knowing English is knowing how words can be shifted in that way and what the limits are to such shifting. Affixes are one or more added sounds or letters that change a words meaning and sometimes alter its part of speech. When an affix comes at the front of a word, it is a prefix, such as the en- in encipher, enrage, enthrone, entomb, entwine, and enwrap, which marks those words as verbs. When an affix comes at the back of a word, it is a suffix, such as the -ist in dentist, geologist, motorist, and violinist, which marks those words as nouns. English has a small number of inflectional suffixes (endings that mark distinctions of number, case, person, tense, mood, and comparison).They include the plural -s and the possessive s used with nouns (boys, boys) the third person singular present tense -s, the last(prenominal) tense and past participle -ed, and the present participle -ing used with verbs (aids, aided, aiding) and the comparative -er and superlative -est used with some adjectives and adverbs (slower, slowest). Inflection (the change in form of a word to mark such distinctions) may also involve internal change, as in the singular and plural noun forms man and men or the present and past verb forms sing and sang.A language that depends heavily on the use of inflections, either internal or affixed, is said to be synthetic English used to be far more synthetic than it now is. Concord, or organisation, is an inter fellowship between words, especially marked by their inflections. Thus, The bird sings and The birds sing illustrate subject-verb concord. (It is just a coincidence that the singular ending of some verbs is identical in form with the plural ending of some nouns. Similarly, in this day both words are singular, and in these days both are plural some languages, such as Spanish, require that all modifiers agree with the nouns they modify in number, but in English only this and that ch ange their form to show such agreement. Highly synthetic languages, such as Latin, unremarkably have a great deal of concord thus Latin adjectives agree with the nouns they modify in number (bonus vir good man, boni viri good men), in gender (bona femina good woman), and in case (bonae feminae good womans).English once used concord more than it now does. Word order is a grammatical signal in all languages, though some languages, like English, depend more heavily on it than others do. The man finished the job and The job finished the man are sharply different in meaning, as are He died happily and Happily he died. Function words are minor parts of speech (for example, articles, auxiliaries, conjunctions, prepositions, pronouns, and certain adverbial particles) that serve as grammatical signals used with word order to serve some of the same functions as inflections.For example, in English the corroboratory object of a verb can be shown by either word order (I gave the dog a bone) or a function word (I gave a bone to the dog) in Latin it is shown by inflection (canis the dog, Cani os dedi To-the-dog a-bone I-gave). A language like English whose grammar depends heavily on the use of word order and function words is said to be analytic. Prosodic signals, such as pitch, stress, and tempo, can indicate grammatical meaning. The residual between the statement Hes here and the question 4 chapter 1 Hes here? is the pitch used at the end of the sentence.The chief difference between the verb conduct and the noun conduct is that the verb has a stronger stress on its second syllable and the noun on its first syllable. In He died happily and He died, happily, the tempo of the last two words makes an important difference of meaning. All languages have these kinds of grammatical signals available to them, but languages differ greatly in the use they make of the various signals. And even a single language may change its use over time, as English has. LANGUAGE AS SIGNS In language, signs are what the system organizes.A sign is something that stands for something elsefor example, a word like apple, which stands for the familiar fruit. But linguistic signs are not words alone they may also be either smaller or larger than whole words. The smallest linguistic sign is the morpheme, a meaningful form that cannot be shared out into smaller meaningful parts. The word apple is a single morpheme applejack consists of two morphemes, each of which can also function independently as a word. Apples also has two morphemes, but one (-s) can occur only as part of a word. Morphemes that can be used alone as words (such as apple and jack) are called free morphemes.Those that must(prenominal) be combined with other morphemes to make a word (such as -s) are bound morphemes. The word reactivation has five morphemes in it (one free and four bound), as a stepby- step analysis shows re-activation activate-ion active-ate act-ive Thus reactivation has one free morpheme (ac t) and four bound morphemes (re-, -ive, -ate, and -ion). A word cannot be divided into morphemes just by sounding out its syllables. Some morphemes, like apple, have more than one syllable others, like -s, are less than a syllable. A morpheme is a form (a sequence of sounds) with a recognizable meaning.Knowing a words early history, or etymology, may be useful in dividing it into morphemes, but the important factor is the form-meaning link. A morpheme may, however, have more than one pronunciation or spelling. For example, the regular noun plural ending has two spellings (-s and -es) and three pronunciations (an s-sound as in backs, a z-sound as in bags, and a vowel plus z-sound as in batches). Each spoken variation is called an allomorph of the plural morpheme. Similarly, when the morpheme -ate is followed by -ion (as in activateion), the t of -ate combines with the i of -ion as the sound sh (so we might spell the word activashon).Such allomorphic variation is typical of the morph emes of English, even though the spelling does not represent it. Morphemes can also be classified as base morphemes and affixes. An affix is a bound morpheme that is added to a base morpheme, either a prefix (such as re-) or a suffix (such as -s, -ive, -ate, and -ion). Most base morphemes are free (such as language and the slope language 5 apple and act), but some are bound (such as the insul- of insulate). A word that has two or more bases (such as applejack) is called a compound. A linguistic sign may be word-sized or smallera free or a bound morpheme.But it may also be larger than a word. An idiom is a combination of words whose meaning cannot be predicted from its constituent parts. One kind of idiom is the combination of a verb with an adverb, a preposition, or bothfor instance, turn on (a light), call up (on the telephone), take over (a business), ask for (a job), come down with (an illness), and go back on (a promise). Such an expression is a single semantic unit to go back on is to abandon a promise. But from the standpoint of grammar, several independent words are involved. LANGUAGE AS VOCALLanguage is a system that can be expressed in many waysby the marks on paper or a computer screen that we call writing, by hand signals and gestures as in sign language, by colored lights or moving flags as in semaphore, and by electronic clicks as in ancient telegraphy. However, the signs of languageits words and morphemesare basically vocal, or oral-aural, being sounds produced by the mouth and received by the ear. If human communication had developed primarily as a system of gestures (like the sign language of the deaf), it would have been quite different from what it is.Because sounds follow one another sequentially in time, language has a additive quality (like the letters we use to represent it in writing), whereas gestures can fill the three dimensions of space as well as the fourth dimension of time. The ears can hear sounds coming from any direction, bu t the eye can see gestures made only in front of them. The ears can hear through carnal barriers, such as walls, which the eyes cannot see through. Speech has both advantages and disadvantages in comparison with gestures but on the whole, it is undoubtedly superior, as its evolutionary survival demonstrates.Writing and Speech Because writing has become so important in our culture, we sometimes think of it as more real than speech. A little thought, however, will show why speech is primary and writing secondary to language. Human beings have been writing (as far as we can tell from the surviving evidence) for at least 5000 years but they have been talking for much longer, doubtless ever since they were fully human. When writing developed, it was derived from and represented speech, albeit imperfectly (see Chapter 3). Even today in that location are spoken languages that have no written form.Furthermore, we learn to talk long before we learn to write any human child without physical or noetic limitations will learn to talk, and most human beings cannot be prevented from doing so. It is as though we were programmed to acquire language in the form of speech. On the other hand, it takes a special effort to learn to write. In the past, many intelligent and useful members of society did not acquire that skill, and even today many who speak languages with writing systems never learn to read or write, while some who learn the rudiments of those skills do so only imperfectly.To affirm the primacy of speech over writing is not, however, to belittle the latter. If speaking makes us human, writing makes us civilized. Writing has some 6 chapter 1 advantages over speech. For example, it is more permanent, thus making possible the records that any elegance must have. Writing is also capable of easily making some distinctions that speech can make only with difficulty. We can, for example, indicate certain types of pauses more clearly by the spaces that we leave between wo rds when we write than we ordinarily are able to do when we speak.Grade A may well be heard as gray day, but there is no mistaking the one phrase for the other in writing. Similarly, the comma distinguishes a pretty, hot day from a pretty hot day more clearly than these phrases are often distinguished in actual speech. But the question mark does not distinguish between Why did you do it? (I didnt hear you the first time you told me), with rising pitch at the end, and Why did you do it? (You didnt tell me), with falling lowest pitch. Nor can we show in writing the difference between sound quality tone (as in The sound quality of the recording was excellent) nd sound quality good grade (as in The materials were of sound quality)a difference that we signal very easily in speech by strongly stressing sound in the first sentence and the first syllable of quality in the second. Incense enrage and incense aromatic substance for burning are likewise sharply differentiated in speech by th e position of the stress, as sewer conduit and sewer one who sews are differentiated by vowel quality. In writing we can distinguish those words only in context. Words that are pronounced alike are called homophones.They may be spelled the same, such as lose carry and bear wildcat, or they may be distinguished in spelling, such as bare naked and either of the bear words. Words that are written alike are called homographs. They may also be pronounced the same, such as the two bear words or tear to rip and tear spree (as in He went on a tear), or they may be distinguished in pronunciation, such as tear a drop from the eye and either of the other two tear words. Homonym is a term that covers either homophones or homographs, that is, a word either pronounced or spelled like another, such as all bear/bare and tear words.Homophones are the basis of puns, as in adolescent jokes about a bear behind and seven days without chocolate make one weak, whose written forms resolve the ambiguity of their spoken forms. But William Shakespeare was by no means averse to this sort of thing puns involving tale and tail, whole and hole, hoar and whore, and a good many other homophones (some, like stale and steal, no longer homophonous) occur rather frequently in the writings of our greatest poet. The conventions of writing differ somewhat from those of ordinary speech.For instance, we ordinarily write was not, do not, and would not, although we usually say wasnt, dont, and wouldnt. Furthermore, our choice of words is likely to be different in writing and in everyday speech. But these are stylistic matters, as is also the fact that writing tends to be somewhat more conservative than speech. Representing the spellings of one language by those of another is transliteration, which must not be distressed with translation, the interpretation of one language by another. Greek an be transliterated pyr, as in pyromaniac, or translated fire, as in firebug. One language can be written in several orthographies (or writing systems). When the president of Turkey, Mustafa Kemal Pasha (later called Kemal Ataturk), in 1928 substituted the Roman alphabet for the Arabic in writing Turkish, the Turkish language and the english language 7 language changed no more than time changed when he introduced the Gregorian calendar in his country to replace the Islamic lunar one used earlier. Gestures and SpeechSuch specialized gestures as the indifferent shrug of the shoulders, the admonitory shaking of the finger, the lifting up of the hand in greeting and the waving of it in parting, the widening of the eyes in astonishment, the scornful lifting of the brows, the approving nod, and the disapproving sideways shaking of the headall these need not accompany speech at all they themselves communicate. Indeed, there is some reason to think that gestures are older than spoken language and are the matrix out of which it developed. Like language itself, such gestures vary in use and meaning from one culture to another.In India, a sideways wagging of the head indicates that the head-wagger understands what another person is saying. When gestures accompany speech, they may be more or less unconscious, like the crossed arms of a person talking with another, indicating a lack of openness to the others ideas. The study of such communicative personify movements is known as kinesics. Our various tones of voicethe drawl, the sneer, the shout, the whimper, the simper, and the likealso play a part in communication (which we recognize when we say, I didnt mind what he said, I just didnt like the way he said it).The tones and gestures that accompany speech are not language, but rather repeat systems of communication called paralanguage. Other vocalizations that are communicative, like laughing, crying, groaning, and yelping, usually do not accompany speech as tones of voice do, though they may come before or after it. LANGUAGE AS CONVENTIONAL Writing is obviously conventional be cause we can represent the same language by more than one writing system.Japanese, for example, is written with kanji (ideographs representing whole words), with either of two syllabaries (writing systems that present each syllable with a separate symbol), or with the letters of the Roman alphabet. Similarly, we could by general agreement reform English spelling (soe dhat, for egzammpul, wee spelt it liek dhis). We can change the conventions of our writing system merely by agreeing to do so. Although it is not so obvious, speech is also conventional. To be sure, all languages share certain natural, inherent, or universal features.The human vocal apparatus (lips, teeth, tongue, and so forth) makes it inevitable that human languages have only a limited range of sounds. Likewise, since all of us live in the same universe and perceive our universe through the same senses with more or less the same basic mental equipment, it is hardly surprising that we should find it necessary to talk a bout more or less the same things in more or less similar ways. Nevertheless, the worlds many languages are conventional and generally arbitrary that is to say, there is usually no connection between the sounds we make and the phenomena of life.A comparatively small number of echoic words imitate, more or less closely, other sounds. Bow-wow seems to English speakers to 8 chapter 1 be a fairly accurate imitation of the sound made by a dog and therefore not to be wholly arbitrary, but it is highly doubtful that a dog would agree, particularly a French dog, which says gnaf-gnaf, or a German one, which says wau-wau, or a Japanese one, which says wung-wung. In Norway cows do not say moo but mmmooo, sheep do not say baa but m? , and pigs do not say let out but noffnoff. Norwegian hens very sensibly say klukk-klukk, though doubtless with a heavy Norwegian accent.The process of echoing such sounds (also called onomatopoeia) is conventional. Most people assume that their language is the be stand so it is for them, because they mastered it well enough for their own purposes so long ago that they cannot remember when or how. It seems to them more logical and sensible, more natural, than the way others talk. But there is nothing really natural about any language, since all these highly systematized and conventionalized methods of human communication must be acquired. There is, for instance, nothing natural in our use of is in such a sentence as The woman is busy. The utterance can be made just as effectively without that verb, and some languages do get along perfectly well without it. This use of the verb to be was, as a matter of fact, late in developing and never developed in Russian. To the speaker of Russian it is more natural to say Zhenshchina zanyata literally, Woman busywhich sounds to our ears so much like baby talk that the unsophisticated speaker of English might well (though quite wrongly) conclude that Russian is a childish tongue. The system of Russian also manages to struggle along without the definite article the.As a matter of fact, the speaker of Russian never misses itnor should we if it had not become conventional with us. To a uninitiate speaker of English, calling the organ of sight eye may seem perfectly natural, and those who call it anything elselike the Germans, who call it Auge, the Russians, who call it glaz, or the Japanese, who call it meare likely to be regarded as unfortunate because they do not speak languages in which things are properly named. The fact is, however, that eye, which we pronounce exactly like I (a fact that might be cited against it by a foreign speaker), is the name of the organ only in present-day English.It has not always been so. Londoners of the fourteenth vitamin C pronounced the word with two syllables, something like ee-eh. If we chose to go back to King Alfreds day in the late ninth century, we would find yet another form of the word from which Modern English eye developed. The Scots are not being quaint or perverse when they say ee for eye, as in Robert Burnss poem To a Mouse Still thou art blest, compared wi me The present only toucheth thee But och I backward contour my ee, On prospects drearThe Scots form is merely a variant of the worda perfectly legitimate pronunciation that happens not to occur in standard Modern English. Knowledge of such changes within a single language should dissipate the notion that any word is more sequester than any other word, except in a purely chronological and social sense. language and the english language 9 Language Change Change is normal in language. Every language is constantly turning into something different, and when we hear a new word or a new pronunciation or use of an old word, we may be catching the early stages of a change.Change is natural because a language system is culturally transmitted. Like other conventional matterssuch as fashions in clothing, hairstyles, cooking, entertainment, and governmentlanguage is con stantly being revised. Language evolves more slowly than do some other cultural activities, but its change is continuous and inevitable. There are three general causes of language change. First, words and sounds may affect neighboring words and sounds. For example, sandwich is often pronounced, not as the spelling suggests, but in ways that might be represented as sanwich, sanwidge, samwidge, or even sammidge. Such spellings look illiterate, but they represent perfectly normal, though informal, pronunciations that offspring from the position of a sound within the word. When nearby elements thus influence one another within the flow of speech, the result is called syntagmatic change. Second, words and sounds may be affected by others that are not immediately present but with which they are associated. For example, the side of a ship on which it was laden (that is, loaded) was called the ladeboard, but its opposite, starboard, influenced a change in pronunciation to larboard.Then, be cause larboard was likely to be confused with starboard because of their similarity of sound, it was generally replaced by port. Such change is called paradigmatic or associative change. Third, a language may change because of the influence of events in the world. New technologies like the World all-inclusive Web require new forms like google to search the Internet for information and wiki (as in Wikipedia) a Website, database, or software for creating Web sites, especially collaborative ones, from the Hawaiian word for fast. New forms of human look, however bizarre, require new terms like suicide bomber. New concepts in science require new terms like transposon a transposable gene in DNA. In addition, new contacts with persons who use speechways different from our own may affect our pronunciation, vocabulary, and even grammar. Social change thus modifies speech. The documented history of the English language begins about A. D. 700, with the oldest written records. We can reconst ruct some of the prehistory before that time, to as early as about 4000 B. C. but the farther back in time we go, the less certain we can be about what the language was like. The history of our language is traditionally divided into three periods Old English, from the earliest records (or from the Anglo-Saxon settlement of England around A. D. 450) to about 1100 Middle English, approximately from 1100 to 1500 and Modern English, since about 1500. The lines dividing the three periods are based on significant changes in the language about those times, but major cultural changes around 1100 and 1500 also contribute to our sense of new beginnings.These matters are treated in detail in Chapters 5 through 8. The Notion of Linguistic Corruption A widely held notion resulting from a misunderstanding of change is that there are ideal forms of languages, thought of as pure, and that existing languages represent corruptions of earlier ideal ones. Thus, the Greek spoken today is supposed to 10 chapter 1 be a degraded form of Classical Greek rather than what it really is, a development of it. Since the Romance languages are developments of Latin, it would follow from this point of view that they also are corrupt, although this assumption is not usually made.Those who admire or profess to admire Latin literature sometimes suppose that a stage of perfection had been reached in Classical Latin and that every subsequent development in Latin was an irreparable deterioration. From this point of view, the late development of Latin spoken in the early Middle Ages (sometimes called Vulgar, or popular, Latin) is bad Latin, which, strange as it may seem, was ultimately to become good Italian, French, Spanish, and so on. Because we hear so much about pure English, we might carefully examine this notion.When Captain Frederick Marryat, an English novelist, visited the United States in 18371838, he thought it remarkable how very debased the language has become in a short period in Americ a, adding that if their lower classes are more intelligible than ours, it is equally true that the higher classes do not speak the language so purely or so classically as it is spoken among the well-educated English. Both statements are nonsense. The first is based on the captains apparent notion that the English language had reached a stage of perfection at the time English-speaking people first colonized America.After this, presumably because of the innate depravity of those English settlers who brought their language to the New World, it had taken a steadily downward course, whatever that may mean. One wonders also only how Marryat knew what constituted classical or pure English. It is probable that he was merely attributing certain superior qualities to that type of English that he was accustomed to hear from persons of good social standing in the land of his birth and that he himself spoke. Any divergence was debased My speech is pure thine, wherein it differs from mine, is corrupt. Language Variation In addition to its change through the years, at any given period of time a language exists in many varieties. Historical, or diachronic, variation is matched by contemporary, or synchronic, variation. The latter is of two kinds dialects and registers. A dialect is the conversion of a language associated with a particular place (Boston or New Orleans), social level (standard or nonstandard), ethnic group (Jewish or African-American), sex (male or female), age grade (teenage or mature), and so on.Most of us have a normal way of victimization language that is an intersection of such dialects and that marks us as being, for example, a middle-aged, white, cultured, female Charlestonian of old family or a young, urban, working-class, male Hispanic from New York City. Some people have more than one such dialect personality national politicians, for example, may use a Washingtonian government dialect when they are doing their job and a down-home dialect when the y are interacting with their voters.Ultimately, each of us has a unique, personal way of using language, an idiolect, which identifies us for those who know us. A register is the variety of a language used for a particular purpose sermon language (which may have a distinctive rhythm and sentence straining and include words like brethren and beloved), restaurant-menu language (which is full of tasty adjectives like garden-fresh and succulent), telephone-conversation language (in which the speech of the secondary participant is full of uh-huh, I see, yeah, and language and the english language 11 h), postcard language (in which the subjects of sentences are frequently omitted Having a wonderful time. Wish you were here. ), and e-mail and instant-messaging language with abbreviations like BTDT (been there, done that), CUL8ER (see you later), CYO (see you online), and LOL (laughing out loud). Everyone uses several registers, and the more varied the circumstances under which we talk and write, the more registers we use. The dialects we speak help to define who we are. They tell those who hear us where we come from, our social or ethnic identification, and other such intimate facts about us.The registers we use reflect the circumstances in which we are communicating. They indicate where we are speaking or writing, to whom, via what medium, about what subject, and for what purpose. Dialects and registers provide optionsalternative ways of using language. And those options confront us with the question of what is the right or best alternative. Correctness and Acceptability The concept of an absolute and unwavering, presumably God-given standard of linguistic correctness (sometimes confused with purity) is widespread, even among the educated.Those who subscribe to this notion become greatly exercised over such matters as split infinitives, the haywire position of only, and prepositions at the ends of sentences. All these supposed errors have been committed time and a gain by eminent writers and speakers, so that one wonders how those who condemn them know that they are bad. Robert Lowth, who wrote one of the most influential English grammars of the eighteenth century (A Short Introduction to English Grammar, 1762), was praised by one of his admirers for showing the grammatic inaccuracies that have break loose the pens of our most distinguished writers. One would suppose that the language of our most distinguished writers would be good usage. But Lowth and his followers knew, or thought they knew, better and their military capability survives to this day. This is not, of course, to deny that there are standards of usage, but only to suggest that standards must be based on the usage of speakers and writers of generally acknowledged excellencequite a different thing from a subservience to the mandates of badly informed authorities who are guided by their own prejudices rather than by a study of the actual usage of educated and accomplished speake rs and writers.To talk about correctness in language implies that there is some abstract, absolute standard by which words and grammar can be judged something is either correct or incorrectand thats all there is to that. But the facts of language are not so clean-cut. Instead, many students of usage today prefer to talk about acceptability, that is, the degree to which users of a language will judge an expression as OK or will let its use pass without noticing anything out of the ordinary. An unobjectionable expression is one that people do not object to, indeed do not even notice unless it is called to their attention.Acceptability is not absolute, but is a matter of degree one expression may be more or less acceptable than another. If I were in your shoes may be judged more acceptable than If I was in your shoes, but both are considerably more acceptable than If we was in your shoes. Moreover, acceptability is not abstract, but is related to some group of people whose response it reflects. Thus most 12 chapter 1 Americans pronounce the past-tense verb ate like eight and regard any other pronunciation as unacceptable. Many Britons, on the other hand, pronounce it as ett and find the American orientation course less acceptable.Acceptability is part of the convention of language use in talking about it, we must always keep in mind How acceptable? and To whom? LANGUAGE AS HUMAN As noted at the beginning of this chapter, language is a specifically human activity. That statement, however, raises several questions. When and how did human beings acquire language? To what outcome is language innate, and to what extent is it learned? How does human language differ from the communication systems of other creatures? We will look briefly at each of these questions.Theories of the Origin of Language The ultimate origin of language is a matter of speculation since we have no real information about it. The earliest languages for which we have records are already in a high stage of development, and the same is true of languages spoken by technologically primitive peoples. The problem of how language began has tantalized philosophical minds, and many theories have been advanced, to which waggish scholars have given such fanciful names as the pooh-pooh theory, the bow-wow theory, the ding-dong theory, and the yo-he-ho theory.The nicknames indicate how seriously the theories need be taken they are based, respectively, on the notions that language was in the beginning ejaculatory, or echoic (onomatopoeic), or characterized by a mystic appropriateness of sound to sense in contrast to being merely imitative, or made up of grunts and groans emitted in the course of group actions. According to one theory, the early prelanguage of human beings was a variety of gestures and sounds in which the gestures carried most of the meaning and the sounds were used chiefly to punctuate or amplify the gesturesjust the reverse of our use of speech and hand signals.Ev entually human physiology and behavior changed in several related ways. The human brain, which had been expanding in size, lateralizedthat is, each half came to specialize in certain activities, and language ability was localized in the left hemisphere of most persons. As a consequence, handedness developed (right-handedness for those with left-hemisphere dominance), and there was greater manual specialization. As people had more things to do with their hands, they could use them less for communication and had to rely more on sounds.Therefore, increasingly complex forms of oral signals developed, and language as we know it evolved. The fact that we human beings alone have vocal language but share with our closest animal kin (the apes) an ability to learn complex gesture systems suggests that manual signs may have preceded language as a form of communication. We cannot know how language really began we can be sure only of its immense antiquity. However human beings started to talk, t hey did so long ago, and it was not until much later that they devised a system of making marks on wood, stone, or clay to represent what they said.Compared with language, writing is a newfangled invention, although certainly not less brilliant for being so. language and the english language 13 Innate Language Ability The acquisition of language would seem to be an effortful task. But it is a task that children all over the world seem not to mind in the least. Moreover, children in daily contact with a language other than their home languagethat of their parentsreadily learn to speak the other language with a native accent. After childhood, however, perhaps in the teen years, most people find it difficult to learn a new language.Young children seem to be genetically equipped with an ability to acquire language. But after a while, that automatic ability atrophies, and learning a new language becomes a chore. To be sure, children of five or so have not acquired all of the words or gr ammatical constructions they will need as they grow up. But they have mastered the basics of the language they will speak for the rest of their lives. The sizeableness of that accomplishment can be appreciated by anyone who has learned a second language as an adult.It is clear that, although every particular language has to be learned, the ability to acquire and use language is a part of our genetic inheritance and operates most efficiently in our younger years. Do Birds and Beasts Really Talk? Some animals are physically just about as well equipped as humans to produce speech sounds, and somecertain birds, for instancehave in fact been taught to do so. But no other species makes use of a system of sounds even remotely resembling ours. Human language and animal communication are fundamentally different.In the second half of the twentieth century, a trio of chimpanzeesSarah, Lana, and Washoegreatly modified our ideas about the linguistic abilities of our closest relatives in the ani mal kingdom. After several efforts to teach chimps to talk had ended in almost total failure, it was generally concluded that apes lack the cognitive ability to learn language. Some psychologists reasoned, however, that the main problem might be a simple anatomical limitation human vocal organs are so different from the correspondent ones in apes that the animals cannot produce the sounds of human speech.If they have the mental, but not the physical, ability to talk, then they should be able to learn a language using a medium other than sound. Sarah was taught to communicate by arranging plastic tokens of arbitrary color and shape. Each of the tokens, which were metal-backed and placed on a magnetized board, represented a word in the system, and groups of tokens corresponded to sentences. Sarah learned over a hundred tokens and could manage sentences of the complexity of Sarah take banana if-then Mary no give chocolate Sarah (that is, If Sarah takes a banana, Mary wont give Sarah a ny chocolate).Lana also used word symbols, but hers were on a typewriter connected to a computer. She communicated with people, and they with her via the computer. Typed-out messages appeared on a screen and had to conform exactly to the rules of word order of the system Lana had been taught, if she was to get what she asked for (food, drink, companionship, and the like). Washoe, in the most interesting of these efforts to teach animals a language, was schooled in a gesture language used by the deaf, American Sign Language. 14 chapter 1Her remarkable success in learning to communicate with this quite natural and adaptable system has resulted in its being taught to a number of other chimpanzees and gorillas. The apes learn signs, use them appropriately, combine them meaningfully, and when occasion requires even invent new signs or combinations. For example, one of the apes made up the terms candydrink and drinkfruit to talk about watermelons. The linguistic accomplishment of these ap es is remarkable nevertheless, it is a far cry from the fullness of a human language.The number of signs or tokens the ape learns, the complexity of the syntax with which those signs are combined, and the breadth of ideas that they represent are all far more restricted than in any human language. Moreover, human linguistic systems have been fundamentally shaped by the fact that they are expressed in sound. Vocalness of language is no mere incidental characteristic but rather is central to the nature of language. We must still say that only human beings have language in the full sense of that term. LANGUAGE AS COMMUNICATIONThe purpose of language is to communicate, whether with others by

Dbq Indian Removal Essay

DBQWhen the Native Americans lived einsteinium of the Mississippi river, they didnt want to follow the law and be part of U.S. government and wanted to govern their own people. Andrew capital of Mississippi being a president of United call downs didnt want the group to ignore the government therefore, proposed to move them west of the Mississippi river. In order to beg off and keep threats away from the U.S. settlers, the U.S. government promised them bigger land, money, pay for their needs and conduct for one year as said in the excerpt from Indian remotion Act 1830 (source 1). This act should be justified because it resolved the conflicts between the U.S. and the Indies were given comparable land and support. In Source 2 Andrew Jackson makes a talk about if the Indians movie it give benefit the U.S. and make Alabama and Mississippi stronger.The U.S. wanted to separate the Indians for many reasons. Andrew Jackson wanted the Indians to stay away from whites, by opening the whol e territory between the Tennessee on the north lanthanum on the south to the settlement of the whites will incalculably strengthen the southwest frontier and save the adjustment States strong enough to repel future invasion without away aid( article 2). Also the government thought if they separated the Indian it will enable them to stay away from whites and convince them from their own savage habits and make them more evoke and important. When the government told the Indians to move, they said they would give them bigger land, money and support to move.The Cherokee Nations cedes to the United States all the land claimed by said Nation east of the Mississippi River 7,000,000 acres of land is guaranteed to the Cherokees west of the Mississippi (source 5). The United States as well, concord that the land herein guaranteed to the Cherokees shall never, without their consent, be included withinany State or Territory (source 5). As the Indians were getting ready to leave, the America ns took away all laws and regulationsenacted by the Cherokee Indians are hereby declared to be null and void and no effect, as if the same had never existed.(source 3).OrganizerDetails/ evidence* Paragraph 2 * The U.S. wanted to separate the Indians for many reasons. * Andrew Jackson wanted the Indians to stay away from whites * By opening the whole territory between the Tennessee on the north Louisiana on the south to the settlement of the whites will incalculably strengthen the southwest frontier and render the adjustment States strong enough to repel future invasion without remote aid (article 2). * the government thought if they separated the Indian it will enable them to stay away from whites and convince them from their own savage habits and make them more interesting and important.* Paragraph 3 * When the government told the Indians to move, they said they would give them bigger land, money and support to move. * The Cherokee Nations cedes to the United States all the land cl aimed by said Nation east of the Mississippi River 7,000,000 acres of land is guaranteed to the Cherokees west of the Mississippi (source 5). * The United States as well, agreed that the land herein guaranteed to the Cherokees shall never, without their consent, be included withinany State or Territory (source 5). * As the Indians were getting ready to leave, the Americans took away all laws and regulationsenacted by the Cherokee Indians are hereby declared to be null and void and no effect, as if the same had never existed.(Source 3).

Ryanair SWOT analysis

A SWOT analysis is a study which can be undertaken in prescribe to identify an plaques, products, or services internal Strengths and Weaknesses, and also its external Opportunities and Threats. A SWOT analysis focuses on the micro environment of one of the above entities, i.e. factors which the organisation has some control over. Business Management Course Text, AIT Ireland (2013-20134).SWOT analysis of RyanairStrengthsWeaknessesLowest Cost Base of any European AirlineStrong monetary performance despite current economic climate InnovationNegative Public PerceptionOver-reliance on Seasonal trends to emergence profit marginsPoor customer serviceOpportunitiesThreatsNew airline routes throughout EuropeOpportunity to add-on Market ShargonCurrent economic climateIncrease in fuel chargesNatural events and disastersStrengthsAccording to safaribooksonline.com/book/sales-and-marketing, operating as a low-cost enterprise can be a strength for companies, as it whitethorn incentivise an inc rease in demand for a particular product or service, in relation to its competitors. Low cost providers are a favorite choice for financially conscious consumers who do not throw away any/little loyalty towards the product/service in question, or for consumers who wish to nonplus a product/service at the lowest available price. For Ryanair, being a low cost company has been hugely beneficial, as they have to the highest degree entirely built their current reputation on being a low-cost airline.At present, Ryanairis the lowest costing airline in Europe, one third tear down than its nearest rival, easyJet. Maintaining a strong financial performance is a study factor to the conquest of any business. According to http//www.investorwords.com, organisations base their important decisions/strategies the basis of their financial performance. Maintaining a healthy financial performance allows companies to generate revenue. In terms of Ryanair, despite the recession, the company has n ot only continued to make a profit, provided is also Europes most profitable airline. In 2013, the company forecasted that they would generate 540 million, a 7% increase over the previous years figure.According to http//businesscasestudies.co.uk, Companies must innovate in order to keep ahead of their competitors. This means that companies must focus on incorporating fresh approaches and ideas to their business model in order to remain at the top of their respective field.Ryanair has excelled in being an innovative company, and has changed the outlook on the airline industry through strategies such as push the low cost slogan, removing free catering for customers on their flights, and also by moving away from travel agent bookings to internet sales. Through innovation, Ryanair has revolutionised the short- allure industry.WeaknessesNegative public science/relations can be fatal to any enterprise, as it can leave behind to a loss in existing customers, whilst also acting as an ob stacle in obtaining new ones. Once a companys name has been tarnished through poor PR, it can be a struggle to repossess any popularity lost. Although Ryanair are still the leading airline in Europe, Chief Executive Michael OLeary has received heavy criticism for numerous PR campaigns, which has minded(p) the company a poor reputation amongst many individuals. Many businesses are reliant on specific time of year in order to increase their profit margins.Companies which provide winter wear, such as the Great Outdoors, will thrive during Autumn/Winter, as the demand for jackets, gloves, etc. will be at its highest during these seasons. For Ryanair, the company is heavily reliant on its summer performance (particularly July-September) in order to boost profit margins. Since 2008/2009 Ryanair has consistently made losses in at least one of the winter quarters, whereasthe company has made an overall profit in every year for the last 10 years. Building positive relationships with your c ustomers isnt just now good practice it will ultimately improve your bottom line. James Caan, 2013.Maintaining a positive relation with its customers is a vital component in the majority of successful businesses, as, according to James Caans article in The Guardian, Customers are the most important asset to your business and looking after them is essential to your success. Welcoming feed impale, (positive and negative) communication between a business and its customers, and handling customers complaints are all example of good customer service. However, according to a recent come conducted by Which? Magazine in the UK, Ryanair was voted as being the worst in terms of the quality of customer service offered by Britains 100 biggest firms, with mental faculty Knowledge, attitude, and their ability to handle complaints cited as the main issues.OpportunitiesThe opportunity to expand/offer a greater range of service is something which any business interested in growing in stature wi ll be interested in. As a company grows, they have control of the industry which they are competing in, can oftentimes dictate prices, and may also benefit from economies of scale (lower unit costs by producing more). http//www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/business/aims/sizeandorganisationrev1.shtml For Ryanair, the opportunity to operate new routes throughout Europe is something which the organisation is always improving on. According to http//www.ryanair.com, from April 2014, the airline will expand 85 new routes operating out of Dublin alone, in which the company hopes to generate 1 million new passenger fares from.Inter-linked with the above paragraph, increasing its market share/market growth is another opportunity which looks achievable for Ryanair. According to http//centreforairmanship.com, the European aviation sector is still a growing industry, which already suggests that Ryanair may increase its share of the market. However, as Ryanair is already Europes leading short haul airline and lowest cost producer, the steps are firmly in place for this opportunity to become a reality. Ryanair targets obtaining 120 million passengers by 2022. The current economic climate has had huge implicationson businesses on a global scale, with many companies, (such as Dell) having to relocate in order to cut costs.Also, as consumers are more aware of the impacts of over-spending during a Recession, many businesses have saw a fall in demand for the product/service which they are offering. However, operating as the lowest costing airline in Europe has had an overwhelmingly positive exertion on the company. Although Ryanair offers no frills, many financially conscious people have decided to opt with Ryanair over other alternatives (such as Aer Lingus) during the current economic climate, as they offer a cost effective service. This is evident by the portray that Ryanair has become Europes most profitable airline.ThreatsAccording to http//www.legalzoom.com, any costs imposed on a business (both internal and external) can have an effect on how a company have choose to allocate its budget, and higher costs may also lead to a business cutting back on certain expenses in order to remain in a healthy financial position. According to Ryanairs Chief Financial Officer Howard Millar, Ryanairs single largest cost is fuel costs. To combat against these rising costs, Ryanair has chosen to slow down the speed of their air-crafts, which has added an estimated two minutes onto every hourly flight.This figure may seem small, but for customers who travel with Ryanair on a frequent basis, this could lead to a fairly substantial amount of extra time consumed, with may lead to some disgruntled customers. Siraj Datoo, 2013. According to http//www.exponent.com, Natural disasters, whether they are hurricanes, typhoons, tsunamis, or monsoon-related flooding, are all factors that can affect the operations of businesses worldwide. The above factors can have major impli cations in business operations, as they can restrict trade between business, and they also may lead to products/premises being damaged.For Ryanair, natural disasters such as a volcano eruption, could lead to a huge loss in profits, as this event could lead to flights being cancelled (e.g. the Icelandic volcanic change cloud in 2011 caused severe losses to many airlines). Also, a fatal accident, such as a plane crash, would also have a major negative on Ryanair, as consumers may feel unsafe in regards to barding a Ryanair air craft.

Manpower Planning Essay

In manpower planning Analyzing the current manpower plan Reviewing utilization Finding out current demand Finding out time to come supply Finally developing a manpower plan The MDI campus Is lush green and has a dedicated area for various Indoor sports and leisure activities apiece leisure area requires a dedicated gardener and each such garden/lawn requires manpower planning to estimate the form of gardeners take in the area. complete analysis we concluded that the portray number of Gardeners are somewhat overstaffed.The staffing is more appropriate during monsoon and rainy season when there is an overgrowth of grass. In other seasons the number of gardeners required is lesser. We interviewed a number of gardeners to ascertain their working habits and methodologies. The findings are documented below 2. 3. 4. 5. Primary Job Trimming grasses pruning bushes Secondary Jobs Keeping the bushes and the woodlet in order Soil upkeep and enrichment Cleanliness of the gardens and lawns Pe sticide spraying New plantation and expansion of green area Primary analysis results 1 .Gardeners are normally late and they also are not in their full capacity. At any given time not all the gardeners employed are present. 2. on the job(p) hours 40 hours a week 5 days. 3. Overtime, if required is taken cared of. 4. All the gardeners have one supervisor whom they report to. 5. Few gardeners are cross ingenious and may work across do master(prenominal)s 6. Each gardener has the same salary which is around 6500 Per month Page 4 The gardens are of three types according to their expire 1 . Sport grounds- 2 namely Golf Course and Football grounds 2.Utility Lawns- 3 namely the Inland Greens, the lawn scrawny CM/Odyssey and library Greens 3. Leisure lawns- 5 namely the lawns near Lash, the lawn inside Scholars Building, Directors Bungalow and the Staff Quarters and the lawns at the main gate Garden/ Lawn Number of Golf Course Football ground hours/day Reek. 26 Gardeners Reek. 4. 5 3. 5 Inland Greens 21 9 3 2 Lawns at main gate Lawns near CM/ Odyssey Lawns near Lash 14 2. 5 0. 5 Lawn inside Scholars Bungalow Lawns near Staff Quarters 8 1. 5 6 10 Cost analysis We estimated that the manpower planning be done according to the seasonal variations.During dispatch seasons the cross skilled gardeners can be accommodated in other works whereas during on season these same gardeners can be taken back into the horticulture work. In this way MDI can optimism the utilization of each gardener even better. Page 5 Recommendations We recommend a change in the number of gardeners required as we promote cross killing of gardeners and each gardener would be then better utilized, the number we came up with was 23 gardeners. The current number of gardeners present are 24 gardeners. Thus, the final number according to us comes out to be 23 gardeners.

The Self management competencies education essay

IntroductionCompetences argon underlying features that lead to superior public presentation in an person. They include qualities, accomplishments, properties and traits that help people to be victorful. Competences are cap able-bodied of being developed in people instead than being fixed. This competence victimisation is largely developed through Personal & A professional Skills. Personal & A Professional evolution is basic every(prenominal)(prenominal)y an avenue of learning professionals how to develop their professional accomplishments, concentrating on what we do and how we do them. Personal and Professional festering is slender for the development professional abilities in every person and I am non an exclusion. This is because in professional development, a individual s security does non double-dealing in the occupation or administration they work for provided in the accomplishments, cognizance and experiences that they dumb put up within themselves ( Megginson & A Whitaker 2007 ) . This shows the necessity to increase one s cognition through specialised and consistent instruction in one s profession. This work will demo how the expertness Personal and Professional Development has affected my professional accomplishments. In making that, we shall discourse briefly how the five competences have affected my professional accomplishments but in that location will be in-depth trace on ego development competences. The grounds for taking ego development competence are due to its importance in the development of my professional accomplishments and because I noticed afterward the survey of the efficiency that I take in so much progression in the competence.In my encyclopedism analysis, I will critically analyze the mental faculty and demo how it has wedgeed on me positively or otherwise, identifies my countries of strengths and failings and develops action programs to better on my strengths and make off or at to the lowest degree better on my failing and thenceforth conclude.Analysis OF MY LEARNING ON THE MODULE onwards the analysis of my acquisition in this faculty, I will briefly define acquisition. Learning is an acquisition of cognition or accomplishment that enables us to gain close tothing new, or be able to make something we have nt done earlier ( Diana Winstanley, 2005 ) . Learning is geting facts, accomplishments and methods ( Saljo 1979 ) and it is the procedure whereby cognition is created through the transmutation of experience ( Kolb 1984 ) . Harmonizing to Honey and Mumford ( 1986 ) , there are four distinguishable larning manners ( militant, pragmatist, reflector and theoretician ) . Learning is in any event reassigning cognition into action- it is somewhat create competency and being able to stupefy the cognition into pattern. I will alike foreground what is expected in all the five competences and young man it to my acquisition in the faculty.SELF-MANAGEMENT COMPETENCIESUnder this competence, we have larning penchants, perceptual experience, values, pull offing violence and personalized resiliency. In larning penchant we mean how do you desire to larn trounce hearing, reading on your ain or other agencies. Perception merely means the manner you identify things. Valuess harmonizing to Rokeach, 1973 are desirable, trans-situational subverts that vary in importance as steering rules in people s lives. Personal resiliency is our cleverness to resile back, or even turn, in the face of force per unit scene of actions and menaces. striving is defined as the mental and physical status that consequences from a sensed menace or demand that can non be dealt with readily ( Furnham 2005 ) .INTERPERSONAL COMPETENCIESInterpersonal competence is the power to associate and understand others. Here scholars try to see things from other people s point of position in order to understand how they think and feel. An interpersonal competent individual attempts to keep peace in them e scenes and promote co-operation. An interpersonal competent individual is Self-assured, self-importance-asserting, Influence and persuade others, grips emotions and struggles really pricy and preceding(prenominal) is a squad builder.SELF DEVELOPMENT COMPETENCIESWhen we speak of ego development competence, we mean competence in developing one ego. Some of the things that come to mind there are puting accomplishable ends, having feedback, motive, self revelation and brooding thought.Personal LEADERSHIP COMPETENCIESHere we talk about what is in a individual that make him or her a good leader. Its competences include power ie power to take, influence and trust ( Being able and prepared to follow a figure of ways to derive harbour and influence diverse parties, with the purpose of procuring betterments ) , empowerment ( endeavoring to ease others parts and to portion leading, fostering capableness and long-run development of others ) , emotional intelligence service ( the subset of societal intelligence that involves the tycoon to supervise one s ain feelings and others feelings and emotions, to know apart among them and to utilize this information to steer one s thought and actions ( Salovey and Mayer 1990, pp.5 ) ) and leading manner.ENGAGING WITH OTHERS COMPETENCIESIn prosecuting with others competences, we have valuing diverseness which made me gain that people are different. Valuing diverseness is of import, because the increasing globalisation in the universe requires more interaction among people from diverse civilizations, beliefs, and backgrounds than of all time before. Besides cultural consciousness comes to mind as civilization is a major beginning of single differences, which consequences in different personalities. Professionalism and moralss are competences that a professional can non play with. The merely means Department of State and donts in the profession, this faculty shows me that what keeps me in the profession aside my personal c ognition and interaction, developing self, taking good is to cognize when I am either making short of what is expected of me or when I am over making it.This faculty at first seemed meaningless to me, the lone ground why I listened was that I was funny and that it is portion of my faculty, though I questioned its usefulness. But as twinge goes on, it started droping, started going interesting, I started going aware of my developmental demands.The first family unit I attended was really deadening ab initio, but when category exertion on larning penchants was given, I realise that I needed self-development and personal alteration which means that I had been in stage 1 of my personal and professional development ( being unconscious and unqualified Straangard, 1981 ) . Nevertheless, I instantly chose to develop myself because deep inside me I was motivated to larn and win ( Megginson et al. 2007 ) . In the class of my acquisition, I discovered so many things about myself that I did non cognize before. Typical illustrations are that I now know how to utilize feedback to develop myself efficaciously. I besides now know what it means to put a realizable end within realizable clip frame. Furthermore, my engagement in company work every bit far as I know has now made me whole by doing me cognize how to work in a squad with different people as the faculty boosted my assurance.The faculty has helped me to cognize my larning penchants as a reflector ( good hearer, thoughtful and analytical, adopts a low profile and likes to stall ) which I discovered after taking the trial on knowing your acquisition manners . The benefit of cognizing this my acquisition manner is that ait shifts the accent towards promoting a equilibrise attack to acquisition and, possibly more significantly, an expressed consciousness of the scope of attacks available to me the scholar ( CIPD 2006 ) . What I have achieved in the manner I see things after this faculty can non be underestimated. The faculty has taught me how to see things non merely from my point of position but other people s ain excessively. In footings of values, my value systems have changed. In the faculty, I saw what Kohlberg ( 1981 ) came up with as three types of personal values viz. Pre-conventional values -punishment, obeisance and opportunism schematic values- outlooks and conformance and Post-conventional values -universal ethical rules. I besides meliorate on emphasis direction either my personal or people s emphasis after analysing its definition by Ivancevich et Al. ( 1990 ) . They defined stress direction as Any activity, plan or chance initiated by an organisation, which focuses on cut drink down the presence of work-related stressors or on helping persons to minimise the negative results of exposure to these stressors. As respects my interpersonal accomplishments, the group work in this faculty improved my ego assurance. We were given group work on single differences and to my extr eme surprise my group chose to stand for the group. At first, I shivered and even said no, but after encouragement from the group members, I summoned bravery and represented. The feedback I got was really encouraging positive and I picked up from at that place. Thereafter, I have been able to speak or stand for other groups in the category in many occasions. The group work I have involved in this faculty has made me to cognize that I am non self-asserting plenty even when I know it all. It made me to understand distinctly what averment ( saying clearly what I mean ) means as against entry or aggression ( coercing ) . I like taking a looking place, and this is one country I need to better on. As respects influence and persuasion, I noticed that I am non a really influential individual, I merely do my things my ain manner, but the faculty made me to understand that as a professional I need small of influence to win. Ironically, the faculty brought to fore my ability to manage emotio n and struggle. During our category treatment on single differences, one of my group members was emotionally touch when he was told to be excessively aggressive I was thorough and careful to understand his emotion in other to decide his emotion. My attempt to command his emotion showed me my ability to manage emotion and struggle. In earning my squad accomplishments, I listen carefully and avoid disrupting others. Sing the category activity on Team function, self-perception Inventory , utilizing Belbin, ( 1981, 2007 ) construct of squad functions I discovered that I am a squad worker -co-operative, mild, listens, perceptive and diplomatic but indecisive in crunch state of affairss. This faculty s first category group work activity made me to reflect on my squad accomplishments. I sat back and carefully listened and I merely made impact after careful consideration of other people side of concluding. One country of teamwork that gives me concern after the faculty is that I am loat h to depute. This faculty has really opened my eyes on how to make squad work. As a consequence, my squad accomplishments have improved and feedback from friends and schoolmates have confirmed it.I need to work more on my end scene because it is really of import to my success in anything I do. It is truly an country of failing for me. The first group work activity in category on this faculty made me gain that. We were given a clip frame which I about confounded because the end I set was non within the clip frame. Notwithstanding, I chose to develop my end scene and I set attach for accomplishment. Besides, there is demand for betterment on feedback. This is discussed in item below.The survey of PPD faculty has impacted on me how to utilize my power. My category group that I spoke for group proves that. Before that group work, I barely stand in forepart of people, non to speak of taking a treatment. Interestingly, I found out that my influential power is nil. The faculty besides ga ve me an penetration about my empowerment capablenesss. I found out that I have involvement in long-run development of others. My emotional intelligence ability was brought into bow with the survey of this class as could be seen in our group when person was hurt for being branded aggressive.This faculty made me cognizant of the construct of leading and I decided to cognize my leading manner by taking a leading trial online ( what is your Leadership Style ) . I found out that my leading manner is participative and non-assertive. What I do is to listen more from the people I lead and speak less. My leading competence and accomplishments lies on my ability to transport everyone along by leting anybody that wants to lend to make so before I arrive at a decision. During our category treatment on attitudes and values, I was carefully and exhaustively elaborate our group points of position before my presentation.Valuing diverseness made realise that people are different when we were given group assignment. I encourage other people s position, is non great surprise to me working together with my group on category treatment with careful and thoughtful way of life in subject we are meant to discourse, I use the chance to set everybody together although we are from different background and civilization besides portion some similarities.COMPETENCY DEVELOPMENT SELF DEVELOPMENT COMPETENCIESThis competence is selected because of its importance in professional accomplishment development and I have needed to develop more here.Harmonizing to Wikipedia, personal/self development refers to activities that improve self cognition and individuality, develops cognition and potencies build human capital and employability, enhance quality of life and contribute to the realisation of dreams and aspiration.When we talk of this competence, the things that come to our head are puting chiseled and realistic personal ends exposing a high degree of inaugural, attempt, and committedness tow ards finishing assignments in a timely modal value works with minimum supervising is motivated to accomplish and demonstrates responsible behavior.Goal scene is a powerful technique that appears to work by supplying a way for our attempts, concentrating our attending, advancing continuity and increasing our assurance ( supplying we achieve the ends we set ) . Puting ends as my scheme for self- development is worthwhile and that is why I chose this competency. Before this faculty, I usually set ends which I noticed were non accomplishable, with completion of this faculty, I realised that my ends need to be keen in order to be accomplishable. The SMART method assumes that ends should be Specific Measurable Attainable Relevant and Time edge. This faculty has made me to cognize that I can put ambitious marks and has helped me to demo finding to run into the ends as set. With the SMART method, I now take necessary actions to run into my ends place and use steps to track and defin e accomplishment, overcome obstructions to accomplishing ends and even utilize failure as an chance to larn.Self awareness/disclosure This is ability to self-reflect and be cognizant of one s inside province of being like interior feelings, dreams, kinds with others, strengths and failings. McCarthy & A Garavan ( 1999 ) defines Self-awareness as, the image that an person has about him/herself and whether or non that image is accurate in comparing with how others perceive that single . It involves self-efficacy, self-actualisation and self-concept. Self-efficacy is the extent to which a individual believes he/she can execute the behavior required in any given state of affairs ( Arnold et al. , 1991 Bandura, 1989 ) , self-actualisation is an active variant for personal development which might affect researching one s endowments, educating oneself and/or honing physical accomplishments ( Rogers,1961 ) and Self-concept, as defined by Hayes ( 1994 ) is the rating that persons make about their traits and personalities and the image that they have of themselves. My research in the faculty showed me what it means for an person to develop an image of him/herself and certain nucleus facets of it as explained by Whetten & A Cameron ( 2007 ) . The self revelation accomplishments I learnt from the faculty include Acknowledging ain strengths and failings, reflecting and analysing oneself, consciousness of interior feelings, desires and dreams, measuring thought forms, concluding with oneself, A understanding function in relationship to others. However, my larning on self-awareness, prompted me to utilize the johari window by ( Luft & A Ingham 1955 ) to cognize more about my personality by acquiring feedback from friends. The feedback about my blind ego was storey to me because I neer imagined any of them nevertheless, it gave me penetrations on some of my strengths and failings. I truly found out that I need to work on myself revelation after having the feedback.R eceiving feedback A PersonA who has this competence seeks feedback on strengths and failings and initiates activities to increase or conjure cognition, accomplishments, and competency in order to execute more efficaciously or heighten calling. The individual receives feedback in a constructive mode, investigations for concrete illustrations and suggestions to better ain public presentation. The individual spends clip larning new information or thoughts and using them efficaciously, keeps up to day of the month in cognition and accomplishments and learns from successes and failures Receiving feedback include confer withing relevant beginnings ( e.g. , assessments, studies, pictures, client feedback ) to acquire insight into ain public presentation. Feedback is necessary because it is a moderator of end effects in that the combination of ends ( Bandura & A Cervone, 1983 Becker, 1978 Erez, 1977 Strang, et Al. ( 1978 ) .With this faculty, I found out that I need to make much more o n having feedback. Before the faculty, I ask for feedback without cognizing the strengths in having it. Completion of the faculty demo me how I can efficaciously do usage received feedback in the undermentioned ways I will larn from both successes and failures, Initiates project debriefs to clear up learnings-both what worked good and what could be done more efficaciously in the hereafter, Seeks both formal and liberal development chances, Demonstrates a desire to execute above and beyond the demands of my place, Coaches others to concentrate on self-development, builds a civilization that encourages larning and uninterrupted betterment and self-critical by placing both my intemperate and weak points.Brooding thoughtBrooding thought involves personal consideration of one s ain acquisition. It considers personal accomplishments and failures and asks what worked, what did nt, and what needs betterment ( Given, 2002 ) .It is a portion of the critical thought procedure mentioning spec ifically to the procedures of analysing, measuring, and doing judgements about what has happened. The faculty made me to happen out that this property was about missing in me. I of course set ends, ask for feedback and is even motivated, but this faculty made me understand that most of my failures are because of absence of contemplation. If you non sit down to analyse what went incorrect you keep on doing same errors. With completion of this faculty, I now have effectual tool of uniting contemplation with feedback to acquire my extreme consequence.Motivation harmonizing to Robbins and Judge, ( 2009 ) is a procedure that news report for an person s strength, way and continuity of attempt towards achieving a end. Motivation Shows finding to accomplish ends over clip resists any force per unit area to be deflected from this attainment. Takes calculated hazards, based on acquisition and experience, to accomplish longer-term service betterments.DecisionThe importance of this faculty to my professional development can non be underestimated. It is like an center opener. It shows me what to make and what non to make as a professional, It shows me where to better my accomplishments to be great in my profession. In fact, I now understand that the route to professional success is non merely based on cognizing what to make, but cognizing how best to make it to acquire extreme consequence.I am peculiarly happy about my nowadays and probably hereafter betterment on myself based on what I now know about end scene, self awareness, feedback, motive and contemplation.Conclusively, with the class in general, I am now more equipt for the challenge in front non as a pupil but as a professional.